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JNFS 2022, 7(2): 136-138 |
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Marzban A, Rahmanian V, Marzban A, Ramezani Siakhulak F. The Role of Probiotics in Improving Alzheimer's Disease. JNFS 2022; 7 (2) :136-138
URL: http://jnfs.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-431-en.html
URL: http://jnfs.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-431-en.html
Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.
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1 Department of Human Ecology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
2 Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.
3 Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
4 Department of Epidemiology, Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
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The Role of Probiotics in Improving Alzheimer's Disease
Ameneh Marzban; MSc1, Vahid Rahmanian; PhD*2, Abdolrazagh Marzban; PhD3Fariba Ramezani Siakhulak; MSc4
1 Department of Human Ecology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
2 Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.
3 Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
4 Department of Epidemiology, Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
| ARTICLE INFO | ||
| EDITORIAL ARTICLE | *Corresponding author vahid.rahmani1392@gmail.com Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran. Postal code: 7414846199 Tel: +98-9175985204 |
|
| Article history: Received: 21 Jun 2021 Revised: 3 Jul 2021 Accepted: 13 Sep 2021 |
Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of age-related dementia and is one of the most rapidly increasing diseases worldwide (Agahi et al., 2018, Azm et al., 2017). There are over 50 million people worldwide living with Alzheimer's disease. The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease is predicted to more than 100 million in 2050 (Cui et al., 2020).
This disease is a gradual and progressive neurological disorder of the central nervous system characterized by profound impairment of cognitive function and memory (Den et al., 2020). In addition, it involves a number of inflammatory processes with increased expression of acute phase proteins, interleukin-6. Serum levels of interleukins 1, 4, and 10 and interferon-gamma have been shown to change with the severity of Alzheimer's disease (Ansari et al., 2020).
The main causes of this disease are hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins, formation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and formation of beta-amyloid plaques in the extracellular space, which often includes a peptide consisting of 40 or 42 amino acids (Kaur et al., 2020). Oxidative stress seems to play a major role in this pathogenesis. Beta-amyloid protein is deposited within and between neurons and reduces inflammation, memory, and neurodegeneration in the hippocampus, cortex, synaptic flexibility, and neurological dysfunction by causing inflammation and oxidative stress reactions (Khoury and Grossberg, 2020).
There are 1014 microorganisms living in the human digestive tract. There is ample evidence that these gut microbial communities can greatly affect all aspects of physiology, including brain-gut communication, brain function, and even behavior. The term brain-gut-microbiota axis has been introduced to reflect interventions between intestinal and central nervous system microbes. Microbiota affects brain function and the brain affects the composition of the microbiota by affecting digestion (Shamsipour et al., 2021).
Some metabolic diseases, including hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, obesity, and autoimmune diseases have been shown to be associated with Alzheimer's disease (Asl et al., 2019).
Three cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine) are used to treat mild to severe Alzheimer's, and N-methyl receptor antagonists in aspartate (memantine) are used for moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease (Abraham et al., 2019). Given the disappointing results of current treatments for cognitive disorders in Alzheimer's patients, finding better and more effective drugs in this area seems necessary (Ansari et al., 2020, Wong et al., 2018).
The gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system are connected by the vagus nerve, which is an important part of the autonomic nervous system that controls involuntary activities, such as breathing, swallowing, and digestion. The connection between these two organs reflects the vital role of the brain-gut axis in mental health and diseases, such as depression, anxiety, Alzheimer's, autism, and even diseases, such as irritable bowel syndrome (Shamsipour et al., 2021).
Probiotics are living microorganisms that, if taken adequately, can improve host health. Different combinations of bacterial species can be used to improve the effect of probiotics. The most common of which is a mixture of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria. Probiotics have a wide range of effects in human and animal studies, for example, administration of Bifid and Bacterium in mice exposed to forced swimming test caused neurochemical changes and reduced inflammatory reactions, demonstrating the prescribed antidepressant ability of probiotics. Probiotics also inhibit oxidative stress by reducing inflammatory damage and increasing levels of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase.
Authors' contributions
Marzban A, Rahmanian V conceived the original idea and designed the project. Marzban AR, Ramezani- Siakhulak F collected the data
and wrote the draft of manuscript. All authors
read and approved the final version of
manuscript.
References
Abraham D, et al. 2019. Exercise and probiotics attenuate the development of Alzheimer's disease in transgenic mice: role of microbiome. Experimental gerontology. 115: 122-131.
Agahi A, et al. 2018. The Effect of Probiotic Supplementations on Cognitive Function in Patients with Primary and Secondary Alzheimer. Journal of Arak University of medical sciences. 20 (12): 1-9.
Ansari F, Pourjafar H, Tabrizi A & Homayouni A 2020. The effects of probiotics and prebiotics on mental disorders: a review on depression, anxiety, alzheimer, and autism spectrum disorders. Current pharmaceutical biotechnology. 21 (7): 555-565.
Asl ZR, Sepehri G & Salami M 2019. Probiotic treatment improves the impaired spatial cognitive performance and restores synaptic plasticity in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. Behavioural brain research. 376: 112183.
Azm SAN, et al. 2017. Probiotics improve insulin resistance status in an experimental model of Alzheimer’s disease. Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran. 31: 103.
Cui L, et al. 2020. Prevalence of Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease in China: An Updated Systematical Analysis. Frontiers in aging neuroscience. 12: 476.
Den H, Dong X, Chen M & Zou Z 2020. Efficacy of probiotics on cognition, and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in adults with Alzheimer’s disease or mild cognitive impairment—a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Aging 12 (4): 4010.
Kaur H, et al. 2020. Probiotics ameliorate intestinal pathophysiology in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiology of aging. 92: 114-134.
Khoury R & Grossberg GT 2020. Deciphering Alzheimer’s disease: Predicting new therapeutic strategies via improved understanding of biology and pathogenesis. Expert opinion on therapeutic targets. 24 (9): 859-868.
Shamsipour S, Sharifi G & Taghian F 2021. Impact of interval training with probiotic (L. plantarum/Bifidobacterium bifidum) on passive avoidance test, ChAT and BDNF in the hippocampus of rats with Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscience letters. 756: 135949.
Wong CB, Kobayashi Y & Xiao J 2018. Probiotics for preventing cognitive impairment in alzheimer’s disease. Gut microbiota-brain axis. 85-104.
This disease is a gradual and progressive neurological disorder of the central nervous system characterized by profound impairment of cognitive function and memory (Den et al., 2020). In addition, it involves a number of inflammatory processes with increased expression of acute phase proteins, interleukin-6. Serum levels of interleukins 1, 4, and 10 and interferon-gamma have been shown to change with the severity of Alzheimer's disease (Ansari et al., 2020).
The main causes of this disease are hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins, formation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and formation of beta-amyloid plaques in the extracellular space, which often includes a peptide consisting of 40 or 42 amino acids (Kaur et al., 2020). Oxidative stress seems to play a major role in this pathogenesis. Beta-amyloid protein is deposited within and between neurons and reduces inflammation, memory, and neurodegeneration in the hippocampus, cortex, synaptic flexibility, and neurological dysfunction by causing inflammation and oxidative stress reactions (Khoury and Grossberg, 2020).
There are 1014 microorganisms living in the human digestive tract. There is ample evidence that these gut microbial communities can greatly affect all aspects of physiology, including brain-gut communication, brain function, and even behavior. The term brain-gut-microbiota axis has been introduced to reflect interventions between intestinal and central nervous system microbes. Microbiota affects brain function and the brain affects the composition of the microbiota by affecting digestion (Shamsipour et al., 2021).
Some metabolic diseases, including hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, obesity, and autoimmune diseases have been shown to be associated with Alzheimer's disease (Asl et al., 2019).
Three cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine) are used to treat mild to severe Alzheimer's, and N-methyl receptor antagonists in aspartate (memantine) are used for moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease (Abraham et al., 2019). Given the disappointing results of current treatments for cognitive disorders in Alzheimer's patients, finding better and more effective drugs in this area seems necessary (Ansari et al., 2020, Wong et al., 2018).
The gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system are connected by the vagus nerve, which is an important part of the autonomic nervous system that controls involuntary activities, such as breathing, swallowing, and digestion. The connection between these two organs reflects the vital role of the brain-gut axis in mental health and diseases, such as depression, anxiety, Alzheimer's, autism, and even diseases, such as irritable bowel syndrome (Shamsipour et al., 2021).
Probiotics are living microorganisms that, if taken adequately, can improve host health. Different combinations of bacterial species can be used to improve the effect of probiotics. The most common of which is a mixture of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria. Probiotics have a wide range of effects in human and animal studies, for example, administration of Bifid and Bacterium in mice exposed to forced swimming test caused neurochemical changes and reduced inflammatory reactions, demonstrating the prescribed antidepressant ability of probiotics. Probiotics also inhibit oxidative stress by reducing inflammatory damage and increasing levels of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase.
Authors' contributions
Marzban A, Rahmanian V conceived the original idea and designed the project. Marzban AR, Ramezani- Siakhulak F collected the data
and wrote the draft of manuscript. All authors
read and approved the final version of
manuscript.
References
Abraham D, et al. 2019. Exercise and probiotics attenuate the development of Alzheimer's disease in transgenic mice: role of microbiome. Experimental gerontology. 115: 122-131.
Agahi A, et al. 2018. The Effect of Probiotic Supplementations on Cognitive Function in Patients with Primary and Secondary Alzheimer. Journal of Arak University of medical sciences. 20 (12): 1-9.
Ansari F, Pourjafar H, Tabrizi A & Homayouni A 2020. The effects of probiotics and prebiotics on mental disorders: a review on depression, anxiety, alzheimer, and autism spectrum disorders. Current pharmaceutical biotechnology. 21 (7): 555-565.
Asl ZR, Sepehri G & Salami M 2019. Probiotic treatment improves the impaired spatial cognitive performance and restores synaptic plasticity in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. Behavioural brain research. 376: 112183.
Azm SAN, et al. 2017. Probiotics improve insulin resistance status in an experimental model of Alzheimer’s disease. Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran. 31: 103.
Cui L, et al. 2020. Prevalence of Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease in China: An Updated Systematical Analysis. Frontiers in aging neuroscience. 12: 476.
Den H, Dong X, Chen M & Zou Z 2020. Efficacy of probiotics on cognition, and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in adults with Alzheimer’s disease or mild cognitive impairment—a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Aging 12 (4): 4010.
Kaur H, et al. 2020. Probiotics ameliorate intestinal pathophysiology in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiology of aging. 92: 114-134.
Khoury R & Grossberg GT 2020. Deciphering Alzheimer’s disease: Predicting new therapeutic strategies via improved understanding of biology and pathogenesis. Expert opinion on therapeutic targets. 24 (9): 859-868.
Shamsipour S, Sharifi G & Taghian F 2021. Impact of interval training with probiotic (L. plantarum/Bifidobacterium bifidum) on passive avoidance test, ChAT and BDNF in the hippocampus of rats with Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscience letters. 756: 135949.
Wong CB, Kobayashi Y & Xiao J 2018. Probiotics for preventing cognitive impairment in alzheimer’s disease. Gut microbiota-brain axis. 85-104.
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Received: 2021/06/21 | Published: 2022/05/30 | ePublished: 2022/05/30
Received: 2021/06/21 | Published: 2022/05/30 | ePublished: 2022/05/30
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