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Erfani M, Hossein zadeh Z, Bazrafshan M, Djafarian K, Entezami N, Alinavaz M et al . Relation of Healthy Eating Index with Body Composition Parameters in Iranian Adult. JNFS 2017; 2 (2) :173-178
URL: http://jnfs.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-62-en.html
URL: http://jnfs.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-62-en.html
Mohammadreza Erfani 
, Zarrintaj Hossein zadeh , Mohammad-Rafi Bazrafshan , Kurosh Djafarian , Narges Entezami , Mina Alinavaz * , Somaye Yosaee
, Zarrintaj Hossein zadeh , Mohammad-Rafi Bazrafshan , Kurosh Djafarian , Narges Entezami , Mina Alinavaz * , Somaye Yosaee
Department of Nutritional Science, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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| Abstract (HTML) (4402 Views)
Obesity is defined as the excessive accumulation of adipose in adipocyte which has happened as a result of imbalance adipose synthesis and degradation (Ko and Choi, 2013, Rashidi et al., 2005). Recently, this phenomenon has reached epidemic proportions in both developed and developing countries (Ebbeling et al., 2002, Kruger et al., 2006, Veugelers and Fitzgerald, 2005). Approximately two-thirds of the population in north America are considered over weight (Deurenberg and Yap, 1999, Yanovski, 2000). Iran is also no exception, according to present evidences, prevalence of obesity in north of Iran is in the highest rates (Janghorbani et al., 2007, Rashidi et al., 2005, Veghari et al., 2010). Obesity is the pacemaker of serious co-morbidities, including: metabolic syndrome (MetS), Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, stroke, asthma, obstructive sleep apnea, cancer, and renal failure (Deurenberg and Yap, 1999, Eckel and Committee, 1997). With an alarming increase in the prevalence of obesity, more emphasis has been placed on identification of accurate therapeutic approaches. Although, obesity is a multi-factorial disorder (Barness et al., 2007) and various treatment approaches are known for its treatment, healthy lifestyle, including dietary modifications and physical activity are considered as the optimal treatment in obese subjects (Deedwania and Gupta, 2006, Pacifico et al., 2011).
Healthy eating index (HEI), like diet quality indices evaluates the relationship between total diet and chronic disease risk factor, this index provides a single and summary measurement of overall dietary quality (Ko and Choi, 2013).
To the best of our knowledge, there have been no studies on evaluation of the relationship between obesity and HEI. However, it seems that the definition of obesity is a more important issue than the body weight; obesity is the body fat and its distribution. Therefore, the evaluation of body fat distribution may be important to put participants at risk of MetS. So, this research is aimed to evaluate the relationship between diet quality, using the HEI-2010, and body composition component in Iranian adults.
Materials and Methods
Study design and participants: In this cross-sectional study we evaluated a consecutive sample of 138 participants in the age range of 20-55 years. These patients referred to the Endocrinology Center of Tehran University of Medical Sciences and fulfilled the eligibility criteria to participate in this study from 2012 to 2013. Written informed consent was then obtained from each participant.
Being in the age range of 20 to 55 years was considered as the inclusion criteria. However, the exclusion criteria included: having a history of coronary artery disease, acute or chronic renal failure, history of acute infection within the previous seven days, acute or chronic hepatic failure, hematological disorder, presence of any chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease, any known malignancy, pregnancy, breast feeding, menopause, smoking, professional exercising, uncontrolled thyroid, use of medications for dyslipidemia or hypertension, hypnotics, sedatives and immunosuppressive, as well as having special diet for any reason under the supervision of dietitian.
References
Full-Text: (683 Views)
Relation of Healthy Eating Index with Body Composition Parameters in Iranian Adult
Mohammadreza Erfani; MSc 1, Zarrintaj Hosseinzadeh; MD 2, Mohammad-Rafi Bazrafshan; PhD3,
Kurosh Djafarian; PhD4, Narges Entezami; MSc5, Mina Alinavaz; MSc4 & Somaye Yosaee; MSc6,3*
1 Department of Health Services Management, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch, Shiraz, Iran.
2 Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
3 Larestan School Of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
4 Department of Nutritional Science, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
5 Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
6 Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Mohammadreza Erfani; MSc 1, Zarrintaj Hosseinzadeh; MD 2, Mohammad-Rafi Bazrafshan; PhD3,
Kurosh Djafarian; PhD4, Narges Entezami; MSc5, Mina Alinavaz; MSc4 & Somaye Yosaee; MSc6,3*
1 Department of Health Services Management, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch, Shiraz, Iran.
2 Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
3 Larestan School Of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
4 Department of Nutritional Science, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
5 Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
6 Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| ARTICLE INFO | ABSTRACT | |
| ORIGINAL ARTICLE | Background: Obesity as the excessive accumulation of adipose in adipocytes has still remained equivocal. Since diets contain many components to prevent from or promote diseases, assessing effects of the whole diet on health can be more practical. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between quality of diets through healthy eating index (HEI), and body composition parameters in Iranian adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study included a total of 138 participants in the age range of 20-55 years, who referred to Endocrinology Center of Tehran University of Medical Sciences to receive health care services and fulfilled the eligibility criteria to participate in this study. Food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to calculate HEI scores. Body composition data included: Fat mass (FM), fat free mass (FFM), abdominal fat (AF), muscle mass (MM), and total body water (TBW) that were collected by bioelectrical impedance instrument. Results: In this study the mean HEI score was 55.26. Based on HEI-2010 values, diet quality was good in 0.7% of participants, needed improvement in 55.9%, and was poor in 43.4% of the cases. There were significant linear trends between quality of diets and body composition parameters (P < 0.05). Conclusion: According to our study poor diet quality can be related to FM and obesity in Iranian adults. Keywords: Body composition; Obesity; Body mass index |
|
| Article history: Received: 25 Jun 2016 Revised: 30 Oct 2016 Accepted: 5 Dec 2016 |
||
| *Corresponding author:
s_yousai2006@yahoo.com
Postal code: 1417614411Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Tel: +98 9171928520 |
Introduction
Obesity is defined as the excessive accumulation of adipose in adipocyte which has happened as a result of imbalance adipose synthesis and degradation (Ko and Choi, 2013, Rashidi et al., 2005). Recently, this phenomenon has reached epidemic proportions in both developed and developing countries (Ebbeling et al., 2002, Kruger et al., 2006, Veugelers and Fitzgerald, 2005). Approximately two-thirds of the population in north America are considered over weight (Deurenberg and Yap, 1999, Yanovski, 2000). Iran is also no exception, according to present evidences, prevalence of obesity in north of Iran is in the highest rates (Janghorbani et al., 2007, Rashidi et al., 2005, Veghari et al., 2010). Obesity is the pacemaker of serious co-morbidities, including: metabolic syndrome (MetS), Type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, stroke, asthma, obstructive sleep apnea, cancer, and renal failure (Deurenberg and Yap, 1999, Eckel and Committee, 1997). With an alarming increase in the prevalence of obesity, more emphasis has been placed on identification of accurate therapeutic approaches. Although, obesity is a multi-factorial disorder (Barness et al., 2007) and various treatment approaches are known for its treatment, healthy lifestyle, including dietary modifications and physical activity are considered as the optimal treatment in obese subjects (Deedwania and Gupta, 2006, Pacifico et al., 2011).
Healthy eating index (HEI), like diet quality indices evaluates the relationship between total diet and chronic disease risk factor, this index provides a single and summary measurement of overall dietary quality (Ko and Choi, 2013).
To the best of our knowledge, there have been no studies on evaluation of the relationship between obesity and HEI. However, it seems that the definition of obesity is a more important issue than the body weight; obesity is the body fat and its distribution. Therefore, the evaluation of body fat distribution may be important to put participants at risk of MetS. So, this research is aimed to evaluate the relationship between diet quality, using the HEI-2010, and body composition component in Iranian adults.
Materials and Methods
Study design and participants: In this cross-sectional study we evaluated a consecutive sample of 138 participants in the age range of 20-55 years. These patients referred to the Endocrinology Center of Tehran University of Medical Sciences and fulfilled the eligibility criteria to participate in this study from 2012 to 2013. Written informed consent was then obtained from each participant.
Being in the age range of 20 to 55 years was considered as the inclusion criteria. However, the exclusion criteria included: having a history of coronary artery disease, acute or chronic renal failure, history of acute infection within the previous seven days, acute or chronic hepatic failure, hematological disorder, presence of any chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease, any known malignancy, pregnancy, breast feeding, menopause, smoking, professional exercising, uncontrolled thyroid, use of medications for dyslipidemia or hypertension, hypnotics, sedatives and immunosuppressive, as well as having special diet for any reason under the supervision of dietitian.
Measurements: Body weight, height, and waist circumference (WC) were registered for each participant. To collect the above mentioned data, an electronic balance with stadiometer (SECA-Germany) was applied and weight and height measurements were recorded to the nearest 0.1 kg and 0.1 cm, respectively while participants were with their undergarments and without shoes. To calculate the body mass index (BMI) body weight was divided by height squared (kg/m2). WC was determined at the midline between the lower rib margin and the iliac crest while participants were standing with their heels near together.
Several body composition parameters including the body weight, fat mass (FM), muscle mass (MM), and total body water (TBW) were evaluated using an 8-polar bioelectrical impedance instrument (model TANITA BC-418). The analysis was performed in the morning to confirm the following conditions; empty bladder, absence of intense physical activity and exercise 12 hours prior to the test, fasting for at least 12 hours, and after 15 min of rest. Participants were then asked to stand on metal footpads in bare feet and grasp a pair of electrodes fixed on a handle.
Dietary intake was determined by means of food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The participants were instructed on how to record their average consumption of specific amount of foods over the past 12 months.
The HEI was used as the measurement tool for evaluation of diet quality. The HEI 2010 includes 9 adequacy (dietary components to increase) and 3 moderation components (dietary components to decrease) (Table 1). For the adequacy components, scoring is based on density, this means that individuals with an intake at the recommended level received the maximum score, whereas for the moderation components, increasing levels of intake received decreasingly lower scores. In other words, for all components, higher scores indicate closer conformance with dietary guidance. The composite HEI score can potentially range from a minimum of zero to a maximum score of 100. The highest score was 100, while the lowest score was 0. An HEI score over 80 implies a ‘good’ diet, an HEI score between 51 and 80 implies a diet that ‘needs improvement’, and an HEI score less than 51 implies a ‘poor’ diet.
Data analysis: Data were analyzed with the statistical package STATA, version 11. We used mean and standard deviation for descriptive data. Linear regression and quintile regression were also applied for assessing the association between diet HEI score and MetS component. Also, P-value for linear and quartile trends was applied for evaluating the association with HEI through quartiles of diet quality.
Results
Demographic characteristics and biochemistry parameters of the sample are presented in Table 2. The HEI mean score was 55.2 (Table 3). The HEI scores for 43.4% of participants were classified as “poor diet”, 55.9% were “needs improvement” and only 0.7% of participants were classified as having a “good diet”.
Table 4 shows the association between HEI quartile score and body composition parameters. There were significant linear trends between HEI score and body composition component (P < 0.05). Further, there were significant quartile trends between HEI score and body composition components (P < 0.001). With increasing HEI score, there was a significant linear decrease in FM (P < 0.001), AF (P < 0.001), and WC (P < 0.001). There was also a significant linear increase in FFM (P = 0.003), MM (P < 0.001), and TBW (P < 0.001).
Several body composition parameters including the body weight, fat mass (FM), muscle mass (MM), and total body water (TBW) were evaluated using an 8-polar bioelectrical impedance instrument (model TANITA BC-418). The analysis was performed in the morning to confirm the following conditions; empty bladder, absence of intense physical activity and exercise 12 hours prior to the test, fasting for at least 12 hours, and after 15 min of rest. Participants were then asked to stand on metal footpads in bare feet and grasp a pair of electrodes fixed on a handle.
Dietary intake was determined by means of food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The participants were instructed on how to record their average consumption of specific amount of foods over the past 12 months.
The HEI was used as the measurement tool for evaluation of diet quality. The HEI 2010 includes 9 adequacy (dietary components to increase) and 3 moderation components (dietary components to decrease) (Table 1). For the adequacy components, scoring is based on density, this means that individuals with an intake at the recommended level received the maximum score, whereas for the moderation components, increasing levels of intake received decreasingly lower scores. In other words, for all components, higher scores indicate closer conformance with dietary guidance. The composite HEI score can potentially range from a minimum of zero to a maximum score of 100. The highest score was 100, while the lowest score was 0. An HEI score over 80 implies a ‘good’ diet, an HEI score between 51 and 80 implies a diet that ‘needs improvement’, and an HEI score less than 51 implies a ‘poor’ diet.
Data analysis: Data were analyzed with the statistical package STATA, version 11. We used mean and standard deviation for descriptive data. Linear regression and quintile regression were also applied for assessing the association between diet HEI score and MetS component. Also, P-value for linear and quartile trends was applied for evaluating the association with HEI through quartiles of diet quality.
Results
Demographic characteristics and biochemistry parameters of the sample are presented in Table 2. The HEI mean score was 55.2 (Table 3). The HEI scores for 43.4% of participants were classified as “poor diet”, 55.9% were “needs improvement” and only 0.7% of participants were classified as having a “good diet”.
Table 4 shows the association between HEI quartile score and body composition parameters. There were significant linear trends between HEI score and body composition component (P < 0.05). Further, there were significant quartile trends between HEI score and body composition components (P < 0.001). With increasing HEI score, there was a significant linear decrease in FM (P < 0.001), AF (P < 0.001), and WC (P < 0.001). There was also a significant linear increase in FFM (P = 0.003), MM (P < 0.001), and TBW (P < 0.001).
| Table 1. Healthy Eating Index-2010 and its components and standards for scoring | |||
| Components | Maximum points | Standard for maximum score | Standard for minimum score of zero |
| Total fruit | 5 | ≥ 0.8 cup equiv. per 1,000 kcal | No Fruit |
| Whole fruit | 5 | ≥ 0.4 cup equiv. per 1,000 kcal | No Whole Fruit |
| Total vegetables | 5 | ≥ 1.1 cup equiv. per 1,000 kcal | No Vegetables |
| Greens and beans | 5 | ≥ 0.2 cup equiv. per 1,000 kcal | No Dark Green Vegetables or Beans and Peas |
| Table 2. General characteristics and biochemistry parameters among subjects | |
| Variables | Mean ± SD |
| Age (year) | 35.7 ± 7.5 |
| Height (cm) | 172.1 ± 7.9 |
| Weight (kg) | 81.5 ± 14.7 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 98.9 ± 11.2 |
| Body mass index (Kg/m2 ) | 27.4 ± 4.3 |
| Fat mass (%) | 20.9 ± 7.0 |
| Fat free mass (%) | 79.2 ± 7.7 |
| Muscle mass (%) | 75.3 ± 6.8 |
| Total body water (%) | 57.8 ± 5.2 |
| Abdominal fat (%) | 22.7 ± 8.0 |
Table 5 shows the association between HEI quartile score and HEI components. As can see, a change in score in each individual food group resulted in a significant increase (P < 0.0001) in the total diet quality. For whole fruit, total vegetables, bean and green, whole grain, dairy, fatty acid, refined grain, as well as empty calories there was a ≥ 1-point change in HEI score for that food group (P < 0.0001).
| Table 3. Mean of healthy eating index | |||
| HEI components | Range of score | Mean ± SD | % Mean ± SD |
| Sodium | 0-10 | 7.2 ± 2.7 | 72.2 ± 27.1 |
| Total fruit | 0-5 | 2.8 ± 1.6 | 80.9 ± 28.9 |
| Whole fruit | 0-5 | 3.8 ± 1.2 | 77.8 ± 24.6 |
| Refined grain | 0-10 | 1.2 ± 2.4 | 13.2 ± 24.5 |
| Whole grain | 0-10 | 1.5 ± 0.9 | 15.8 ± 9.4 |
| Dairy | 0-10 | 5.2 ± 3.0 | 53.4 ± 30.7 |
| Seafood and plant protein | 0-5 | 2.3 ± 1.7 | 48.2 ± 34.0 |
| Total protein food | 0-5 | 4.2 ± 0.5 | 85.8 ± 10.1 |
| Total vegetables | 0-5 | 2.9 ± 1.0 | 59.0 ± 20.1 |
| Greens and bean | 0-5 | 3.2 ± 1.4 | 64.4 ± 29.1 |
| Fatty acid | 0-10 | 4.6 ± 3.8 | 46.0 ± 38.3 |
| Empty calories | 0-20 | 15.6 ± 5.3 | 78.2 ± 26.5 |
| HEI-2010 | 0-100 | 55.2 ± 12.1 | 55.2 ± 12.1 |
| Table 4. Association between diet-quality quartiles and body composition components | ||||||||
| Body composition variables | HEI quartile score | Linear trend | Quartile trend | |||||
| 1 (n = 38) | 2 (n = 38) | 3 (n = 38) | 4 (n = 38) | β | P-value | β | P-value | |
| Fat mass (%) | 22.9 ± 1.2 | 23.0 ± 0.88 | 20.3 ± 1.3 | 17.8 ± 1.0 | -0.57 | < 0.001 | -0.37 | 0.003 |
| Fat free mass (%) | 78.1 ± 1.6 | 76.6 ± 0.95 | 79.7 ± 1.3 | 82.2 ± 1.0 | 0.42 | 0.003 | 0.24 | 0.129 |
| Muscle mass (%) | 73.5 ± 1.1 | 73.2 ± 0.92 | 76.0 ± 1.3 | 78.5 ± 1.0 | 0.59 | < 0.001 | 0.34 | 0.005 |
| Total body water (%) | 56.4 ± 0.8 | 56.2 ± 0.73 | 58.3 ± 1.0 | 60.2 ± 0.8 | 0.76 | < 0.001 | 0.41 | 0.010 |
| Abdominal fat (%) | 25.08 ± 1.3 | 25.6 ± 1.09 | 21.3 ±1.4 | 19.1 ± 1.3 | -0.52 | < 0.001 | -0.37 | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 102.6 ± 1.6 | 104.7 ± 1.50 | 94.6 ± 1.9 | 93.5 ± 1.5 | -0.45 | < 0.001 | -0.41 | < 0.001 |
Discussion
The present study provides evidence on existence of a significant correlation between body composition parameters (FM, FFM, MM, TBF, AF, BMI, and WC) and diet quality as HEI-2010. The achieved results were consistent with previous studies (Gao et al., 2008, Guo et al., 2004, Nicklas et al., 2012). These results were also in accordance with a study conducted on a French population (Lassale et al., 2013). In our study with increasing HEI score, there was a significant decrease in FM, AF, as well as WC and increase in FFM, MM, and TBW. This study by using the most recent measure of diet quality (HEI-2010), showed that diet quality was associated with obesity (according to FM percentage). Individuals with higher diet quality were less likely to have fat mass.
Higher HEI scores are representative of a healthy diet (Wardle et al., 2004). Adherence to dietary guidelines and healthy diet are important strategies for the regulation of various biological processes associated with cardiovascular disease risk and body composition (Heitmann et al., 2012). According to available evidence, high sodium and fat consumption are associated with higher risk for overweight/obesity.
In our study, the mean of HEI score was 55.2 (diet need improvement), which is consistent with the study conducted on people with diabetes living in north Cyprus and lower than US women with a mean HEI score of 66.6 (Basiotis et al., 2002, Tardivo et al., 2010).
In addition, in the present study HEI scores for 43.4% of subjects were classified as “poor diet”, 55.9% were “needs improvement”, and only 0.7% of participants were classified as having a “good diet. These proportions were similar to those reported by Tardivo et al., (Tardivo et al., 2010). Considering the relation of diet quality as HEI and obesity, it may be necessary to achieve a better adherence to dietary guideline recommendations.
The small sample size and the cross-sectional study design, as the major limitations, need to be considered while interpreting the findings. However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that assessed the relationship between diet quality by using the HEI and body composition parameter (using BIA) in Iranian adults.
The present study provides evidence on existence of a significant correlation between body composition parameters (FM, FFM, MM, TBF, AF, BMI, and WC) and diet quality as HEI-2010. The achieved results were consistent with previous studies (Gao et al., 2008, Guo et al., 2004, Nicklas et al., 2012). These results were also in accordance with a study conducted on a French population (Lassale et al., 2013). In our study with increasing HEI score, there was a significant decrease in FM, AF, as well as WC and increase in FFM, MM, and TBW. This study by using the most recent measure of diet quality (HEI-2010), showed that diet quality was associated with obesity (according to FM percentage). Individuals with higher diet quality were less likely to have fat mass.
Higher HEI scores are representative of a healthy diet (Wardle et al., 2004). Adherence to dietary guidelines and healthy diet are important strategies for the regulation of various biological processes associated with cardiovascular disease risk and body composition (Heitmann et al., 2012). According to available evidence, high sodium and fat consumption are associated with higher risk for overweight/obesity.
In our study, the mean of HEI score was 55.2 (diet need improvement), which is consistent with the study conducted on people with diabetes living in north Cyprus and lower than US women with a mean HEI score of 66.6 (Basiotis et al., 2002, Tardivo et al., 2010).
In addition, in the present study HEI scores for 43.4% of subjects were classified as “poor diet”, 55.9% were “needs improvement”, and only 0.7% of participants were classified as having a “good diet. These proportions were similar to those reported by Tardivo et al., (Tardivo et al., 2010). Considering the relation of diet quality as HEI and obesity, it may be necessary to achieve a better adherence to dietary guideline recommendations.
The small sample size and the cross-sectional study design, as the major limitations, need to be considered while interpreting the findings. However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that assessed the relationship between diet quality by using the HEI and body composition parameter (using BIA) in Iranian adults.
| Table 5. Association between diet-quality quartiles and HEI-2010 components | ||||||||
| HEI components | HEI quartile score | Linear trend | Quartile trend | |||||
| 1 (n = 38) | 2 (n = 38) | 3 (n = 38) | 4 (n = 38) | β | P-valuea | β | P-valuea | |
| Total fruit | 1.60 ± 0.13 | 1.80 ± 0.16 | 3.40 ± 0.24 | 4.60 ± 0.1 | 0.99 | < 0.001 | 0.99 | < 0.001 |
| Whole fruit | 2.98 ± 0.15 | 3.16 ± 0.20 | 4.30 ± 0.17 | 5.00 ± 0.0 | 1.00 | < 0.001 | 1.00 | < 0.001 |
| Total vegetables | 2.47 ± 0.11 | 2.85 ± 0.15 | 2.83 ± 0.13 | 3.63 ± 0.18 | 1.00 | < 0.001 | 1.00 | < 0.001 |
| Greens and bean | 2.18 ± 0.14 | 2.29 ± 0.17 | 3.71 ± 0.22 | 4.64 ± 0.11 | 1.00 | < 0.001 | 1.00 | < 0.001 |
| Whole grain | 1.48 ± 0.11 | 1.50 ± 0.12 | 2.00 ± 0.17 | 1.30 ± 0.16 | 1.00 | < 0.001 | 1.00 | < 0.001 |
| Dairy | 3.00 ± 0.24 | 3.60 ± 0.29 | 6.04 ± 0.47 | 8.50 ± 0.33 | 1.00 | < 0.001 | 1.00 | < 0.001 |
| Total protein food | 4.39 ± 0.04 | 4.33 ± 0.05 | 4.01 ± 0.08 | 4.44 ± 0.10 | 0.99 | < 0.001 | 0.99 | < 0.001 |
| Seafood and plant Proteins | 1.18 ± 0.16 | 1.53 ± 0.20 | 2.68 ± 0.25 | 4.14 ± 0.18 | 0.99 | < 0.001 | 1.00 | < 0.001 |
| Fatty acid | 3.65 ± 0.53 | 3.65 ± 0.60 | 4.91 ± 0.68 | 6.35 ± 0.55 | 1.00 | < 0.001 | 1.00 | < 0.001 |
| Refined grain | 0.14 ± 0.10 | 1.15 ± 0.28 | 1.90 ± 0.46 | 1.89 ± 0.50 | 1.00 | < 0.001 | 1.00 | < 0.001 |
| Sodium | 5.60 ± 0.44 | 7.40 ± 0.36 | 7.30 ± 0.50 | 8.50 ± 0.30 | 0.99 | < 0.001 | 1.00 | < 0.001 |
| Empty calories | 12.38 ± 0.86 | 15.77 ± 0.87 | 15.57 ± 0.89 | 18.98 ± 0.34 | 1.00 | < 0.001 | 1.00 | < 0.001 |
a: Linear regression
Conclusions
This study provides evidence on existence of an association between diet quality and body composition, it also introduces diet modification as an effective strategy to reduce obesity and FM.
Acknowledgments
The research group would like to thank all participants who took part in the current study.
Authors’ contributions
Erfani M Drafting the article, Hosseinzadeh Z Analysis and interpretation of data, Bazrafshan M Drafting the article and revising, Djafarian K Conception and design, Entezami N Analysis and interpretation of data, Alinavaz M Conception and drafting, Yosaee S Final approval of the version to be published.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
This study provides evidence on existence of an association between diet quality and body composition, it also introduces diet modification as an effective strategy to reduce obesity and FM.
Acknowledgments
The research group would like to thank all participants who took part in the current study.
Authors’ contributions
Erfani M Drafting the article, Hosseinzadeh Z Analysis and interpretation of data, Bazrafshan M Drafting the article and revising, Djafarian K Conception and design, Entezami N Analysis and interpretation of data, Alinavaz M Conception and drafting, Yosaee S Final approval of the version to be published.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
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Tardivo AP, et al. 2010. Associations between healthy eating patterns and indicators of metabolic risk in postmenopausal women. Nutrition journal. 9 (1): 1.
Veghari G, et al. 2010. The prevalence and associated factors of central obesity in Northern Iran. International cardivascular research journal. 4 (4): 164-168.
Veugelers PJ & Fitzgerald AL 2005. Prevalence of and risk factors for childhood overweight and obesity. Canadian medical association journal. 173 (6): 607-613.
Wardle J, et al. 2004. Gender differences in food choice: the contribution of health beliefs and dieting. Annals of behavioral medicine. 27 (2): 107-116.
Yanovski S 2000. Overweight, obesity, and health risk: National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity. Archives of internal medicine. 160 (7): 898-904.
Basiotis P, Carlson A, Gerrior S, Juan W & Lino M 2002. The healthy eating index: 1999-2000. Washington DC: Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. US department of agriculture.
Deedwania P & Gupta R 2006. Management issues in the metabolic syndrome. Journal of the association of physicians of India. 54: 797-810.
Deurenberg P & Yap M 1999. The assessment of obesity: methods for measuring body fat and global prevalence of obesity. Best practice & research clinical endocrinology & metabolism. 13 (1): 1-11.
Ebbeling CB, Pawlak DB & Ludwig DS 2002. Childhood obesity: public-health crisis, common sense cure. The lancet. 360 (9331): 473-482.
Eckel RH & Committee N 1997. Obesity and Heart Disease A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Nutrition Committee, American Heart Association. Circulation. 96 (9): 3248-3250.
Gao SK, et al. 2008. Modifications to the Healthy Eating Index and its ability to predict obesity: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 88 (1): 64-69.
Guo X, Warden B, Paeratakul S & Bray G 2004. Healthy eating index and obesity. European journal of clinical nutrition. 58 (12): 1580-1586.
Heitmann BL, et al. 2012. Obesity: lessons from evolution and the environment. Obesity reviews. 13 (10): 910-922.
Janghorbani M, et al. 2007. First nationwide survey of prevalence of overweight, underweight, and abdominal obesity in Iranian adults. Obesity. 15 (11): 2797-2808.
Ko I-G & Choi P-B 2013. Regular exercise modulates obesity factors and body composition in sturdy men. Journal of exercise rehabilitation. 9 (2): 256.
Kruger R, Kruger H & Macintyre U 2006. The determinants of overweight and obesity among 10-to 15-year-old schoolchildren in the North West Province, South Africa–the THUSA BANA (Transition and Health during Urbanisation of South Africans; BANA, children) study. Public health nutrition. 9 (03): 351-358.
Lassale C, et al. 2013. Association between adherence to nutritional guidelines, the metabolic syndrome and adiposity markers in a French adult general population. PloS one. 8 (10): e76349.
Nicklas TA, O’Neil CE & Fulgoni VL 2012. Diet quality is inversely related to cardiovascular risk factors in adults. The journal of nutrition. 142 (12): 2112-2118.
Pacifico L, et al. 2011. Management of metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. Nutrition, metabolism and cardiovascular diseases. 21 (6): 455-466.
Rashidi A, Mohammadpour‐Ahranjani B, Vafa M & Karandish M 2005. Prevalence of obesity in Iran. Obesity reviews. 6 (3): 191-192.
Tardivo AP, et al. 2010. Associations between healthy eating patterns and indicators of metabolic risk in postmenopausal women. Nutrition journal. 9 (1): 1.
Veghari G, et al. 2010. The prevalence and associated factors of central obesity in Northern Iran. International cardivascular research journal. 4 (4): 164-168.
Veugelers PJ & Fitzgerald AL 2005. Prevalence of and risk factors for childhood overweight and obesity. Canadian medical association journal. 173 (6): 607-613.
Wardle J, et al. 2004. Gender differences in food choice: the contribution of health beliefs and dieting. Annals of behavioral medicine. 27 (2): 107-116.
Yanovski S 2000. Overweight, obesity, and health risk: National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity. Archives of internal medicine. 160 (7): 898-904.
Type of article: orginal article |
Subject:
public specific
Received: 2016/06/25 | Published: 2017/05/1 | ePublished: 2017/05/1
Received: 2016/06/25 | Published: 2017/05/1 | ePublished: 2017/05/1
References
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2. Basiotis P, Carlson A, Gerrior S, Juan W & Lino M 2002. The healthy eating index: 1999-2000. Washington DC: Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. US department of agriculture.
3. Deedwania P & Gupta R 2006. Management issues in the metabolic syndrome. Journal of the association of physicians of India. 54: 797-810.
4. Deurenberg P & Yap M 1999. The assessment of obesity: methods for measuring body fat and global prevalence of obesity. Best practice & research clinical endocrinology & metabolism. 13 (1): 1-11.
5. Ebbeling CB, Pawlak DB & Ludwig DS 2002. Childhood obesity: public-health crisis, common sense cure. The lancet. 360 (9331): 473-482.
6. Eckel RH & Committee N 1997. Obesity and Heart Disease A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Nutrition Committee, American Heart Association. Circulation. 96 (9): 3248-3250.
7. Gao SK, et al. 2008. Modifications to the Healthy Eating Index and its ability to predict obesity: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 88 (1): 64-69.
8. Guo X, Warden B, Paeratakul S & Bray G 2004. Healthy eating index and obesity. European journal of clinical nutrition. 58 (12): 1580-1586.
9. Heitmann BL, et al. 2012. Obesity: lessons from evolution and the environment. Obesity reviews. 13 (10): 910-922.
10. Janghorbani M, et al. 2007. First nationwide survey of prevalence of overweight, underweight, and abdominal obesity in Iranian adults. Obesity. 15 (11): 2797-2808.
11. Ko I-G & Choi P-B 2013. Regular exercise modulates obesity factors and body composition in sturdy men. Journal of exercise rehabilitation. 9 (2): 256.
12. Kruger R, Kruger H & Macintyre U 2006. The determinants of overweight and obesity among 10-to 15-year-old schoolchildren in the North West Province, South Africa–the THUSA BANA (Transition and Health during Urbanisation of South Africans; BANA, children) study. Public health nutrition. 9 (03): 351-358.
13. Lassale C, et al. 2013. Association between adherence to nutritional guidelines, the metabolic syndrome and adiposity markers in a French adult general population. PloS one. 8 (10): e76349.
14. Nicklas TA, O’Neil CE & Fulgoni VL 2012. Diet quality is inversely related to cardiovascular risk factors in adults. The journal of nutrition. 142 (12): 2112-2118.
15. Pacifico L, et al. 2011. Management of metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. Nutrition, metabolism and cardiovascular diseases. 21 (6): 455-466.
16. Rashidi A, Mohammadpour‐Ahranjani B, Vafa M & Karandish M 2005. Prevalence of obesity in Iran. Obesity reviews. 6 (3): 191-192.
17. Tardivo AP, et al. 2010. Associations between healthy eating patterns and indicators of metabolic risk in postmenopausal women. Nutrition journal. 9 (1): 1.
18. Veghari G, et al. 2010. The prevalence and associated factors of central obesity in Northern Iran. International cardivascular research journal. 4 (4): 164-168.
19. Veugelers PJ & Fitzgerald AL 2005. Prevalence of and risk factors for childhood overweight and obesity. Canadian medical association journal. 173 (6): 607-613.
20. Wardle J, et al. 2004. Gender differences in food choice: the contribution of health beliefs and dieting. Annals of behavioral medicine. 27 (2): 107-116.
21. Yanovski S 2000. Overweight, obesity, and health risk: National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity. Archives of internal medicine. 160 (7): 898-904.
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