The seeds and oleaginous nuts produced and processed by the agro-alimentary industry in Burkina Faso are resulted from cottonseeds, shea tree, peanut, and sesame (Traore, 2005). These seeds are transformed into vegetable oils. Although the oilseeds' system is mainly dominated by the production of cottonseed oil in Burkina Faso, other oleaginous plants like peanut are exploited for the possible production of edible oil. These food vegetables oils are frequently consumed in this country (Guissou and Ilboudo, 2013). The peanut oil is mainly produced using the traditional methods.
Due to growing population in the area of West African Economic and Monetary :union: (WAEMU) and specifically in the countries of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the demand for vegetable oils are experiencing a significant increase. In Burkina Faso, the requirement for vegetable oils was estimated at 99,668 tons in 2020   (Hirch, 2002). The local vegetable oils consumed extensively by the populations include cottonseeds oil and peanut oil. Several production units operate in Ouagadougou and Bobo Dioulasso for producing vegetable oils and triturating cottonseeds. Furthermore, peanut oils are produced and sold in different markets. Refined oils are also produced from different oilseeds such as palm oil (palm olein), olive oil, peanut oil, and sunflower oil.
Oil production is still at the traditional scale in Africa. It is considered as a source of income for the local population. So, different oil products have variable qualities and applied in in food, medicine, and cosmetics (Kapseu, 2009). According to Koudougou and Dicko (Koudougou and Dicko, 2008), clandestinely oils produced in Burkina Faso do not have the essential criteria of quality according to the Codex alimentarius and are available on the markets. Similarly, previous studies indicated that edible oils, specifically artisanal cottonseeds and peanut oils, do not comply with the required health indices (Zio et al., 2016). Indeed, some components of the oil products can be improved by undergoing more or less important modifications in terms of manufacturing processes and maintenance conditions (Kandji, 2001). Clearly, during the refining and hydrogenation processes, the formation of fatty acids in trans configuration should be considered. For example, application of plastic containers to transport oil products may affect the product since certain liposoluble monomers or residual solvents can migrate into the product. During the storage, the oils may be subject to damage under some parameters such as light, oxygen, or temperature (Lacoste et al., 2005). Furthermore, the conditions can deteriorate the edible oils. For instance, in countries such as Benin, the refined cottonseeds oil products are distributed in transparent bottles that are often exposed to sunlight and air (Adjadji et al., 2009). Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the production technology of cottonseeds oils and crude peanut oils and sale conditions of edible oils in Ouagadougou and Bobo Dioulasso markets.  
Materials and Methods
Study area: The research was conducted in Ouagadougou and Bobo Dioulasso, two big cities of Burkina Faso in terms of the population density (Figure 1) and high number of cottonseed oils' production units.
Data Collection: The information about oil production technology and sale conditions in Ouagadougou and Bobo Dioulasso was collected from the local producers of the cottonseeds and peanut oils. Moreover, sales conditions of various oils in high-traffic markets were evaluated. In order to conduct the study, two questionnaires were designed specifically for monitoring the production conditions of peanut and cottonseed oil and one questionnaire was used for monitoring the sales' conditions of oils in markets. The researcher referred to the markets and administered the questionnaires among the producers and sellers using the face-to-face interview method. The producers of cottonseed oils were interviewed in the production units and producers of the peanut oils were interviewed at their production site or in the markets. In terms of the cottonseeds and peanut oils' production technologies, the questionnaires included items about the applied production and storage equipment, the chemicals used for refining, the producers' gender and education level, the producers' solutions provided to improve the quality of edible oils, the seed origin, the energy sources, and the quality control parameters. With regard to the edible oils' sale conditions, the following criteria were studied: the producers' gender and educational level, the exposure of sale places to the sunlight and outside temperature, the containers used for the sale, the oils' countries of origin, the oils' brands, the oil containers' labelling, and the oils' types sold. The questionnaires were administered according to the interviewee's spoken language in either French or the local language (Mooré or Dioula).   
Data analysis: After the data collection, the different questionnaires were manually analyzed. Later, data analysis was done by Sphinx Plus V5 software using variables defined in the questionnaire. The data collection cities were mapped by QGIS 2.18 software. The graphics were made using the Excel 2013 software.
Results
The production of peanut oil: a total of 18 peanut oil producers were interviewed in Ouagadougou and Bobo Dioulasso. The production technology of peanut oil is not the same for all producers. These products were in two types (type A and type B). The second type (type B) of production is minority used and intended only for crude peanut oils production. The first type (type A) is mainly produced by old (100%) illiterate (77.8%) women, who produce peanut oil with rudimentary tools using particular pots/frying pans or roasters (Figure 2 and Table1). In this type, the milling is carried out at the mill entirely. Firewood is used for seeds' roasting, koura-koura frying, and oil drying (100%). These oils are mainly used for human consumption (Figure 3).
Not all women used the same steps for producing oils. However, the majority of producers used the same step (Type A) in peanut oil production including sorting, hulling, toasting, grinding, mixing, drying, decantation, cooling, and filtering. Figure 4 and Figure 5 show the production diagrams of unrefined peanut oils.      
The production of cottonseeds oil: The cottonseed oils' producers (N = 25) were interviewed in Ouagadougou and Bobo Dioulasso (32% for Ouagadougou and 68% for Bobo Dioulasso). Cottonseed oil producers were mostly men (96%) and oil production was their main activity (88%). Considering the participants' educational level, most of them had secondary (48%) degree, 24% had academic degree, 12% had the primary school degree, and 16% were illiterate. The seeds came from several cities in Burkina Faso and countries including Togo (12%) and Benin (12%). In Burkina Faso, most seeds came from Bobo Dioulasso. Considering the seeds' origin, 76% came from Burkinabè company textiles fibers (SOFITEX), a cottonseed grading company. With regard to the production of cottonseed oils, the production diagrams are different. All producers used the electric press (100%), where electricity was the source of energy and tanks were used for refining. The firewood was applied to fuel the boilers. Most producers considered that Electricity was very expensive (96%). For some producers (24%), the high cost of electricity was a drag on edible oil production in Burkina Faso. Given the conservation of cottonseeds, the storage period was less than one month before crushing (92%). Most units produced crude refined oils and majority of them used chemical refining. All producers used sodium hydroxide for neutralization, phosphoric acid (36.4%) and citric acid (63.6%) in the refining process, as well as tonsil for fading (80%) (Figure 6).
Packaging was carried out in hermetically sealed 20 liter cans (100%), on which labels were affixed (100%). These were sometimes the old cans that were reused (96%). The labels included information such as date of production, expiry date, brand (100%), contact (88%) and instructions (76%). The studied producer units claimed to have laboratories for basic parameter analysis (96%). Majority of these units (95.8%) also claimed to have their oils analyzed by National Public Health Laboratory (LNSP). The quality control parameters mentioned by most producers were acidity (95.8%), color (54.2%), odor (70.8%), taste (37.5%), peroxide value (87.5%), moisture (66.7%), saponification value (75%), soap trace (58.3%), iodine value (29.2%), insoluble impurities (41.7%), flavor (12.5%), materials volatile (37.5%), and appearance (37.5%). The cottonseed oils produced were used for human consumption. The producers' investigations resulted in three types (Type I, Type II and Type III) of production diagrams (Figure 7) in both cities.
In general, the chronological cottonseed oil production steps are: pressing, neutralizing, washing, drying, discoloring, deodorizing, filtering, storing, and packaging. Most production units had the device for fortifying oils with vitamin A, but the enrichment was not realized by all the producers. Filters were used by all producers and inertage was not practiced (100%). To obtain high quality oils, producers needed adequate means. According to the cottonseed oil producers, high quality seeds, adequate production and refining equipment, adequate packaging, and qualified staff could reduce the cost of electricity and production (Figure 8).
Oils sale conditions in markets: The data were collected from 316 oil sellers in Ouagadougou and Bobo Dioulasso markets. The markets were flooded by imported oils (94%), while local oils were very few (6%). Local cottonseed oils of semi-industrial production were produced and sold in various markets. All the time, the contents and the quality of oils were doubtful. Sellers were mostly retailers (87.3%). Most salespersons were male (71.2%), while some were females (28.8%). Most respondents had 46 years of age (45.6%) and mean age of participants ranged from 31 to 45 years. The oils sold were mainly from oilseeds; 81% of the products were from refined palm oil (palm olein) supplemented with cotton oil refined (24.4%) produced in oil and soap factories. Local artisanal peanut oils production represented about 1.9% of the oils sold. Other oil products were sold including red palm oil, sunflower oil, sesame oil, maize oil, and various types of olive oils. Sellers used primary packaging (all types) sources (95.6%). These packages included cans (all types) with lids (95.6%), plastic sachet (40.8%), amber bottles with lids (18.7%), non-amber bottles with lids (17.1%), non-amber transparent cans (16.8%), non-amber bottles with lids (7.6%), amber cans transparent (9.5%), cans without lid (3.8%), amber bottles without lids (2.8%), non-amber bottles with lids in sachets (1.6%) , amber bottles with lids in sachets (0.6%), iron Basin with lids (0.6%), rubber basin with lids (0.3%) and rubber basin without lid (0.3%), respectively. Most packages of edible oils sold outside of crude peanut oils were labeled (97%) (Figure 9).
The oil containers were labeled and the labels included the following information: the manufacturer’s name and address, quantity or volume, batch indication, expiration date, ingredients such as vitamin A, vitamin E, and free cholesterol (Figure 10). In the markets, some sellers stored the oils in dark places (15.2%), under shady warehouses (57.9%), and others exposed them to the sun (34.2%) (Figure 11). A large number of refined cottonseed oils are produced in Ouagadougou and Bobo Dioulasso, but they do not have any specific brand or information. So, the products’ ingredients and constitutes cannot be determined.
The imported oils were mainly from countries such as Ivory Coast, Malaysia, Indonesia, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Senegal, France, Italy, Morocco, Tunisia, Spain, Germany, United Arab Emirates states, Lebanon, and the United States America (USA) (Figure 12).
The oil products consumed mainly in Burkina Faso included cottonseeds refined oil, while crude peanut oil products were used less. The most available brands in Ouagadougou and Bobo Dioulasso markets were Dinor (24.8%), Aya (15.5%), Savor (9.0%), Tradekey (7.2%), Viking (4.2%), Palme d'Or (3.6%), Super Delicieux (3.5%), Jadu (2.8%), Family (2.4%), OkI (2.2%), and Chef Aïda (1.9%) (Figure 13).
Unbranded oils were crude peanut oils produced in Burkina Faso and unrefined red palm oils. Oils were sold in shops (53.8%), on stands or sheds (40.5%), on surfaces (3.8%), and at roadside (1.9%). Sellers supplied their products mainly from wholesalers or resellers (80.7%) and semi-wholesalers (18.7%). Most oil containers were labeled.