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Niknejad N, Siassi F, Jazayery A. The Factors Affecting Newborn Birth Weight in Borujerd City: A Case-Control Study. JNFS 2020; 5 (2) :159-167
URL: http://jnfs.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-237-en.html
URL: http://jnfs.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-237-en.html
Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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The Factors Affecting Newborn Birth Weight in Borujerd City: A Case-Control Study
Negin Niknejad; MSc*1, Fereydon Siassi; PhD1 & Abolghasem Jazayery; PhD1
1 Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Negin Niknejad; MSc*1, Fereydon Siassi; PhD1 & Abolghasem Jazayery; PhD1
1 Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| ARTICLE INFO | ABSTRACT | |
| ORIGINAL ARTICLE | Background: Newborn birth weight is an important indicator for determining the health status of the human societies. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the critical factors affecting the newborn anthropometric indices in the health centers of Borujerd city, Iran. Methods: This case-control study was conducted from September 2016 to June 2017. The participants included 22 infants with low birth weight (LBW) and 44 with normal birth weight (NBW). The demographic questionnaire and food frequency questionnaire were applied to collect data. For statistical analysis, SPSS version 16 was run and the significance level was set at P-value < 0.05. For comparing the quantitative variables between the case and control groups, the independent t-test and Chi-square test were performed. Results: The results indicated that mothers older than 35 years, self-employed fathers, pre-pregnancy, mothers' body mass index of more than 25 kg/m2, first pregnancy, pregnancy surveillance of less than four times, irregular consumption of folic acid, iron, and multi-vitamins during pregnancy, as well as inadequate consumption of meat, legumes, nuts, milk, dairy products, and vegetables during the pregnancy could increase the risk of LBW among infants significantly. Conclusion: Mothers' nutritional status before pregnancy, promotion of nutritional status by considering food sundry, nutritional balance, and care during pregnancy in the health centers can play a crucial role in improving the infants’ anthropometric indices. Keywords: Newborn; Low birth weight; Birth weight; Anthropometric indices |
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| Article history: Received: 30 Jan 2019 Revised: 25 Mar 2019 Accepted: 14 Jul 2019 |
||
| *Corresponding author neginniknejad68@gmail.com Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Postal code: 1477893855 Tel: +98-21-44865179-82 |
Introduction
| P |
regnancy is one of the most critical, sensitive, and crucial procedures among women, which affects their health and hygiene issues widely. Considering the changes of hormonal level, metabolic process, and physical activity in pregnant women and their nutritional requirements during pregnancy, mothers are highly susceptible to many environmental factors that cause metabolism exchange in their body (Rao et al., 2001). Many studies have accurately suggested that infant's weight is a determinant marker in evaluating the sanitary status of human societies (Alexander et al., 2007). According to the definition provided by world health organization (WHO), low birth weight (LBW) is considered as a weight of less than 2500 g for a healthy individual. In this regard, reducing the prevalence of LBW to 5% is a critical policy to keep the infant's health in the upcoming years (Hromi-Fiedler, 2007).
More than 21 million LBW babies are born every year all over the world in the developed or most developed countries. A remarkable correlation was reported between life expectancy and normal weight. Normal weight was also considered as a marker to estimate the rate of growth survival inside the uterus. This index can provide many useful information for public health centers (Akbari et al., 2015). Similar to many other countries all over the world, statistics indicated that more than 7.7% of the LBW infants were born in Iran during 2010 (Rashidian et al., 2014)
The prevalence of LBW were 8.6%, 5.2%, 8.8%, and 7.3% in Tehran, Gillan, Yazd, and Ahvaz cities, respectively (Golestan et al., 2011, Tootoonchi, 2007). These studies showed that the LBW infants were 5 to 10 times more susceptible to death than normal cases in the first year of life. Therefore, these babies will face dangerous dilemmas during their life. In addition to the impact of this factor on infant’s lifestyle, LBW children shared long-term consequences including evolutional disabilities and educational dysfunctions (Cogswell et al., 1995). In such condition, the risk of mental and physical disorders can critically increase in their following years of life, which result in decreased quality of their life during their life (Robert-McComb et al., 2014, Wu et al., 2004).
Studies also suggested that gaining weight during pregnancy could directly affect the weight of newborn infants (Kabali and Werler, 2007). So, the mothers’ nourishment status before and during pregnancy can determine the infant's weight. From this point of view, the current study aimed to investigate the effect of determining factors on the anthropometric indices of newborn infants in the health centers of Borujerd city for the first time.
Materials and Methods
Study design and participants: In this retrospective case-control study, the statistical population included 22 infants with LBW, as the case group and 44 infants with normal birth weight (NBW) as the control group. The study was conducted from September 2016 to February 2017 and data collection was performed from all health centers in Borujerd city.
Inclusion criteria were having no pre-historic diseases for mothers as well as no congenital diseases and full-term infants.
Measurements: The data were gathered based on the mothers and infants' documents available in health centers. All entities were carefully screened to find the relevant information in details for further analyses. A 147-item Food Frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was also completed by researchers through individual interviews with the participants about the mothers' nourishment status during the pregnancy. This questionnaire was previously used by Azadbakht et al. to determine food patterns (Azadbakht et al., 2008).
Date analysis: To analyze the data, SPSS version 16 and N4 were applied and P-value <0.05 was considered as the significant level. All data were checked carefully and no missing or erroneous records were observed. To evaluate the expected variables, mean and standard deviation were applied. For qualitative variables frequency and percentage were used. For comparing quantitative variables between case and control groups, the independent t-test and Chi-square test were conducted. The following formula was used to calculate the odds ratio, as an estimation of relative risk:
Odds Ratio= P1 × P4 / P2 × P3
Results
Totally, 22 infants participated in the case group and 44 infants took part in the control group. The t-test results unveiled significant difference between the case and control groups regarding the evaluated parameters including weight, height, and head circumference (Table 1). The two groups had no significant differences with regard to gender and birthdate seasons (Table 2).
As detailed in Table 3, odds ratio showed that the risk of giving birth to LBW infants was higher in mothers over 35 years of age, employed mothers, self-employed fathers, and mothers with body mass index of more than 25 before pregnancy, first pregnancy, less than 4 times of surveillance during pregnancy, irregular consumption of folic acid complements, iron, and other multi-vitamins during the pregnancy, as well as inadequate consumption (lower than the serving size per day in g/day) of meat, legumes, nuts, milks, other dairy products, and vegetables. In contrary, the risk of giving birth to LBW infants decreased in parents with less than bachelor's degree, in women with a history of abortion before pregnancy, in women who started caring in their first trimester of pregnancy, and in those with normal hemoglobin content in their last trimester.
More than 21 million LBW babies are born every year all over the world in the developed or most developed countries. A remarkable correlation was reported between life expectancy and normal weight. Normal weight was also considered as a marker to estimate the rate of growth survival inside the uterus. This index can provide many useful information for public health centers (Akbari et al., 2015). Similar to many other countries all over the world, statistics indicated that more than 7.7% of the LBW infants were born in Iran during 2010 (Rashidian et al., 2014)
The prevalence of LBW were 8.6%, 5.2%, 8.8%, and 7.3% in Tehran, Gillan, Yazd, and Ahvaz cities, respectively (Golestan et al., 2011, Tootoonchi, 2007). These studies showed that the LBW infants were 5 to 10 times more susceptible to death than normal cases in the first year of life. Therefore, these babies will face dangerous dilemmas during their life. In addition to the impact of this factor on infant’s lifestyle, LBW children shared long-term consequences including evolutional disabilities and educational dysfunctions (Cogswell et al., 1995). In such condition, the risk of mental and physical disorders can critically increase in their following years of life, which result in decreased quality of their life during their life (Robert-McComb et al., 2014, Wu et al., 2004).
Studies also suggested that gaining weight during pregnancy could directly affect the weight of newborn infants (Kabali and Werler, 2007). So, the mothers’ nourishment status before and during pregnancy can determine the infant's weight. From this point of view, the current study aimed to investigate the effect of determining factors on the anthropometric indices of newborn infants in the health centers of Borujerd city for the first time.
Materials and Methods
Study design and participants: In this retrospective case-control study, the statistical population included 22 infants with LBW, as the case group and 44 infants with normal birth weight (NBW) as the control group. The study was conducted from September 2016 to February 2017 and data collection was performed from all health centers in Borujerd city.
Inclusion criteria were having no pre-historic diseases for mothers as well as no congenital diseases and full-term infants.
Measurements: The data were gathered based on the mothers and infants' documents available in health centers. All entities were carefully screened to find the relevant information in details for further analyses. A 147-item Food Frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was also completed by researchers through individual interviews with the participants about the mothers' nourishment status during the pregnancy. This questionnaire was previously used by Azadbakht et al. to determine food patterns (Azadbakht et al., 2008).
Date analysis: To analyze the data, SPSS version 16 and N4 were applied and P-value <0.05 was considered as the significant level. All data were checked carefully and no missing or erroneous records were observed. To evaluate the expected variables, mean and standard deviation were applied. For qualitative variables frequency and percentage were used. For comparing quantitative variables between case and control groups, the independent t-test and Chi-square test were conducted. The following formula was used to calculate the odds ratio, as an estimation of relative risk:
Odds Ratio= P1 × P4 / P2 × P3
Results
Totally, 22 infants participated in the case group and 44 infants took part in the control group. The t-test results unveiled significant difference between the case and control groups regarding the evaluated parameters including weight, height, and head circumference (Table 1). The two groups had no significant differences with regard to gender and birthdate seasons (Table 2).
As detailed in Table 3, odds ratio showed that the risk of giving birth to LBW infants was higher in mothers over 35 years of age, employed mothers, self-employed fathers, and mothers with body mass index of more than 25 before pregnancy, first pregnancy, less than 4 times of surveillance during pregnancy, irregular consumption of folic acid complements, iron, and other multi-vitamins during the pregnancy, as well as inadequate consumption (lower than the serving size per day in g/day) of meat, legumes, nuts, milks, other dairy products, and vegetables. In contrary, the risk of giving birth to LBW infants decreased in parents with less than bachelor's degree, in women with a history of abortion before pregnancy, in women who started caring in their first trimester of pregnancy, and in those with normal hemoglobin content in their last trimester.
Discussion
The current study aimed to determine effective factors on anthropometric indices of infants including weight, height, and head size in their first days of life. The evaluated indices were investigated in comparison to the control group and the results showed significant differences between the two studied groups. In this context, previous studies conducted based on the UNICEF standards reported that LBW infants had smaller heights and head size in comparison to other NBW ones (Panter-Brick, 1998). To show the effect of different factors, we controlled for the confounding factors of birth season and gender (Rafiei, 2007) and found no significant differences between the case and control groups. However, this query indicated that LBW infants had different anthropometric indices in comparison to other groups and their mothers should carefully check their nutrition pattern during pregnancy period. Many studies indicated that having a good and balanced diet could help mothers to fortify the quality of their life. In this way, they can follow specific patterns for nourishment of their body during different stages of their life (Rasouli et al., 2018).
In this study, all full-term infants were LBW and they were born during nine months after pregnancy. The frequency of LBW was significantly low in the targeted studied society. Therefore, the odds ratio of LBW infants was qualitatively determined for both groups (Brownson and Petitti, 1998). Furthermore, mothers were divided into two age groups and we found that the risk of LBW infants was 1.6 times higher in mothers over 34 years of age.
Borders et al. suggested that LBW infants’ mothers were in their middle ages compared with mothers who had infants with normal weights (Borders et al., 2007). In another encouraging study, Geronimus reported that the prevalence of LBW was four times higher among aged African mothers, while such condition was not observed among the white race mothers (Geronimus, 1996). This discrepancy can be attributed to genetic and social-cultural factors.
In the current study, the risk of LBW infants was six times higher in employed than the housekeeper mothers. This relationship can be interpreted based on the mother’s work environment and their high levels of pressures. Geronimus et al. showed that LBW infants were about 3.1 times more common among unemployed women than the employed mothers (Geronimus, 1996). The possible reason for this is the cultural-social differences between families of different countries. However, each country has unique patterns for cultural behaviors and such condition can change the quality of life-dependent factors.
Among the studied groups, having a history of abortion before pregnancy decreased the odds of giving birth to LBW infants. This reduction is due to the mothers' frequent visits to health centers to avoid another abortion. On the contrary, Badshah et al. studied Pakistani mothers and showed that having a history of abortion before pregnancy could lead to LBW infants, since the history induced anemia among mothers that causes LBW (Badshah et al., 2008). In our study, more than 83% of the case group mothers had similar hemoglobin contents in the first assays. However, it can be said that in Badshah study, apparently, mothers with the history of abortion and anemia entered the experimental procedure and therefore results have reported to born LBW infants.
Based on the results, fathers' age had no effect on infants’ weights. Similarly, Kolivand et al. found no significant correlation between infants’ weight and fathers' age (Kolivand et al., 2014). Relying on other investigations, it can be said that the infants’ weight is directly correlated with mothers' weight during the pregnancy period. Lekea-Karanika et al. indicated that LBW infants were 2 to 3 times more frequent among illiterate fathers or those with low educations (Lekea-Karanika et al., 1999). This can be justified by the cat that educated fathers had better information about supporting their women for food and nutrition during pregnancy. In contrast, we observed that parents with less than bachelor's degree had decreased odds of LBW babies. This was mainly due to the fact that less-educated fathers paid less attention to the nutritional status of their family and wife. However, to confirm this result, further critical studies should be conducted in order to gain useful related data.
Regarding the relationship between fathers' occupation and LBW infants, the odds of having LBW infants was higher in self-employed fathers. Assefa et al. reported that the odds of LBW infants were two times higher in families with worker fathers (Assefa et al., 2012). According to Rodriguez et al., the risk of having LBW infants was 26% higher in families with worker fathers. Since the burden of financial issues is on fathers, their occupation has an important role in the birth of LBW infants.
The mothers' body mass index of ≥ 25 before pregnancy increased the odds of having LBW infants by two times. Many reasons can justify this finding, but accumulation of fats in body (especially around mother's stomach) can be highlighted as the main reason. With significant disagreement with our results, McDonald et al. reported that the risks of giving birth to LBW infants was lower among obese women and this decrease was more significant in the developing countries than the developed nations (McDonald et al., 2010). This is due to the fact that lower weights before pregnancy in the developing countries is directly correlated with malnutrition and mother's body nutrient requirements. In this regard, we should state that the mothers' anthropometric indices were normal or meta-normal before pregnancy. In addition, the mothers' age, pregnancy surveillance, and other demographic characteristics, such as genetics, age, nutrition, prenatal care, and smoking could cause. The complex interaction between these factors in different human populations can cause significant variance in the birth of LBW infants. The health centers should attentively consider these factors when mothers (especially pregnant mothers) visit them for receiving critical counseling advices for their nourishment plans.
In the current study, the odds of LBW infants was five times higher in mothers who were experiencing their first pregnancy. This can be justified by mothers' lack of awareness about the hormonal, metabolic, and physical changes during their pregnancies. In other words, they do not know about their nutritional requirements. This finding was also supported by another study in reporting that the most observed underweight infants were related to first pregnancies (Safari et al., 2016). We also found that the odds of LBW was lower in women who started caring in their first trimester of pregnancy. These results showed that using accurate mother caring policies in the first months of pregnancy and helping the mothers with appropriate educational programs can support them to have a normal weight baby. Roudbari et al. showed a significant correlation between LBW and less than 4 visits for surveillance (Roudbari et al., 2007), which is supported by our outcomes. Other authors also reported that inadequate surveillance during pregnancy can increase the odds of LBW about 1.36 times (Roudbari et al., 2007).
According to our findings, irregular intake of folic acid during pregnancy can increase the risks of having LBW infants up to six times. In the same vein, other studies reported that administration of folic acid before pregnancy could increase the weights of infant and placenta up to 68 g and 13 g, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that administration of folic acid can decline the risks to have LBW infants (Bellinger et al., 1987). The administration of folic acid before and during pregnancy decreases the risk of LBW infants significantly. Similar condition was observed for the administration of amino acids and multi-vitamins. The irregular administration of multi-vitamins during pregnancy can trigger the risks to have LBW infants up to 1.6 times. Fdakar-Soghe et al. reported that the probability of having LBW infants among mothers who did not use iron, multi-vitamin, and folic acid complements increased up to 13.16 times (Fadakar-Soogheh et al., 2012). Intake of supplementary complements by low-income populations can obviously prevent from the birth of LBW infants, because supporting mothers' nutritional requirements has a crucial role in the growth of fetus in uterus. In addition, the portion of hemoglobin normality content is another factor that critically improves the health quality of infants. Therefore, the rate of hemoglobin in the last trimester of pregnancy decreased the odds of LBW infants by half. Based on the results, the average weights of infants were significantly higher in mothers with abnormal rates of hematocrit in the first and third trimesters of pregnancy. Therefore, the rate of hemoglobin, especially in the first trimester of pregnancy, has a significant correlation with LBW infants, which is supported by the fetus requirements for reaching oxygen through blood circulation.
Finally, our results unveiled that the irregular or inadequate consumption of meat, legumes, nuts, milk, and other dairy products; vegetables; and fruits during the pregnancy could increase the odds of LBW infants by 2.1, 5.3, and 4.7 times, respectively. The inadequate consumption of bread and other cereal groups and fruits had no significant effect on the infants’ weights. Other researchers reported a correlation between mothers' nourishment status during the pregnancy and the infants' anemia. The odds of LBW infants was 2.57 to 3.75 times higher in mothers who did not consume fruits or dairy products regularly (Ramazanali et al., 2006).
The major limitation of the current study was its small number of participants that may have spoil the significant results and the power of the current study. Some critical data about mothers and their infants were not recorded in their files at the health centers; therefore, accuracy of the recorded data was not confirmed comprehensively. Moreover, the study findings can be considered for Burojerd City and further studies should be conducted so that the findings can be compared.
Conclusion
The outcomes indicated that the nourishment status of mothers before/during pregnancy could affect the infants' weight significantly. Therefore, by promoting a profitable and appropriate strategy for supporting mothers regarding their body nutritional requirements and by performing sanitary activities during pregnancy in the health centers, the anthropometric indices of newborn infants can be improved. Many mothers do not have access to appropriate foods in their families, which increases the odds of giving birth to LBW infants. Reception of regular counseling from nutritionists in the local health centers and consumption of the micro-nutritional complements can help all mothers to improve their pregnancy to have a healthy baby.
Acknowledgments
Authors appreciate the participants all health centers in Borujerd city.
Authors’ contributions
Siassi F and Jazayery A contributed to conception, design, and writing the manuscript draft. Niknejad N participated to data collection, statistical analyses, data interpretation and manuscript draftin All authors approved the final version of the manuscript and agreed upon all aspects of the work.
Conflict of interest
There is not any conflict of interest.
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The current study aimed to determine effective factors on anthropometric indices of infants including weight, height, and head size in their first days of life. The evaluated indices were investigated in comparison to the control group and the results showed significant differences between the two studied groups. In this context, previous studies conducted based on the UNICEF standards reported that LBW infants had smaller heights and head size in comparison to other NBW ones (Panter-Brick, 1998). To show the effect of different factors, we controlled for the confounding factors of birth season and gender (Rafiei, 2007) and found no significant differences between the case and control groups. However, this query indicated that LBW infants had different anthropometric indices in comparison to other groups and their mothers should carefully check their nutrition pattern during pregnancy period. Many studies indicated that having a good and balanced diet could help mothers to fortify the quality of their life. In this way, they can follow specific patterns for nourishment of their body during different stages of their life (Rasouli et al., 2018).
In this study, all full-term infants were LBW and they were born during nine months after pregnancy. The frequency of LBW was significantly low in the targeted studied society. Therefore, the odds ratio of LBW infants was qualitatively determined for both groups (Brownson and Petitti, 1998). Furthermore, mothers were divided into two age groups and we found that the risk of LBW infants was 1.6 times higher in mothers over 34 years of age.
Borders et al. suggested that LBW infants’ mothers were in their middle ages compared with mothers who had infants with normal weights (Borders et al., 2007). In another encouraging study, Geronimus reported that the prevalence of LBW was four times higher among aged African mothers, while such condition was not observed among the white race mothers (Geronimus, 1996). This discrepancy can be attributed to genetic and social-cultural factors.
In the current study, the risk of LBW infants was six times higher in employed than the housekeeper mothers. This relationship can be interpreted based on the mother’s work environment and their high levels of pressures. Geronimus et al. showed that LBW infants were about 3.1 times more common among unemployed women than the employed mothers (Geronimus, 1996). The possible reason for this is the cultural-social differences between families of different countries. However, each country has unique patterns for cultural behaviors and such condition can change the quality of life-dependent factors.
Among the studied groups, having a history of abortion before pregnancy decreased the odds of giving birth to LBW infants. This reduction is due to the mothers' frequent visits to health centers to avoid another abortion. On the contrary, Badshah et al. studied Pakistani mothers and showed that having a history of abortion before pregnancy could lead to LBW infants, since the history induced anemia among mothers that causes LBW (Badshah et al., 2008). In our study, more than 83% of the case group mothers had similar hemoglobin contents in the first assays. However, it can be said that in Badshah study, apparently, mothers with the history of abortion and anemia entered the experimental procedure and therefore results have reported to born LBW infants.
Based on the results, fathers' age had no effect on infants’ weights. Similarly, Kolivand et al. found no significant correlation between infants’ weight and fathers' age (Kolivand et al., 2014). Relying on other investigations, it can be said that the infants’ weight is directly correlated with mothers' weight during the pregnancy period. Lekea-Karanika et al. indicated that LBW infants were 2 to 3 times more frequent among illiterate fathers or those with low educations (Lekea-Karanika et al., 1999). This can be justified by the cat that educated fathers had better information about supporting their women for food and nutrition during pregnancy. In contrast, we observed that parents with less than bachelor's degree had decreased odds of LBW babies. This was mainly due to the fact that less-educated fathers paid less attention to the nutritional status of their family and wife. However, to confirm this result, further critical studies should be conducted in order to gain useful related data.
Regarding the relationship between fathers' occupation and LBW infants, the odds of having LBW infants was higher in self-employed fathers. Assefa et al. reported that the odds of LBW infants were two times higher in families with worker fathers (Assefa et al., 2012). According to Rodriguez et al., the risk of having LBW infants was 26% higher in families with worker fathers. Since the burden of financial issues is on fathers, their occupation has an important role in the birth of LBW infants.
The mothers' body mass index of ≥ 25 before pregnancy increased the odds of having LBW infants by two times. Many reasons can justify this finding, but accumulation of fats in body (especially around mother's stomach) can be highlighted as the main reason. With significant disagreement with our results, McDonald et al. reported that the risks of giving birth to LBW infants was lower among obese women and this decrease was more significant in the developing countries than the developed nations (McDonald et al., 2010). This is due to the fact that lower weights before pregnancy in the developing countries is directly correlated with malnutrition and mother's body nutrient requirements. In this regard, we should state that the mothers' anthropometric indices were normal or meta-normal before pregnancy. In addition, the mothers' age, pregnancy surveillance, and other demographic characteristics, such as genetics, age, nutrition, prenatal care, and smoking could cause. The complex interaction between these factors in different human populations can cause significant variance in the birth of LBW infants. The health centers should attentively consider these factors when mothers (especially pregnant mothers) visit them for receiving critical counseling advices for their nourishment plans.
In the current study, the odds of LBW infants was five times higher in mothers who were experiencing their first pregnancy. This can be justified by mothers' lack of awareness about the hormonal, metabolic, and physical changes during their pregnancies. In other words, they do not know about their nutritional requirements. This finding was also supported by another study in reporting that the most observed underweight infants were related to first pregnancies (Safari et al., 2016). We also found that the odds of LBW was lower in women who started caring in their first trimester of pregnancy. These results showed that using accurate mother caring policies in the first months of pregnancy and helping the mothers with appropriate educational programs can support them to have a normal weight baby. Roudbari et al. showed a significant correlation between LBW and less than 4 visits for surveillance (Roudbari et al., 2007), which is supported by our outcomes. Other authors also reported that inadequate surveillance during pregnancy can increase the odds of LBW about 1.36 times (Roudbari et al., 2007).
According to our findings, irregular intake of folic acid during pregnancy can increase the risks of having LBW infants up to six times. In the same vein, other studies reported that administration of folic acid before pregnancy could increase the weights of infant and placenta up to 68 g and 13 g, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that administration of folic acid can decline the risks to have LBW infants (Bellinger et al., 1987). The administration of folic acid before and during pregnancy decreases the risk of LBW infants significantly. Similar condition was observed for the administration of amino acids and multi-vitamins. The irregular administration of multi-vitamins during pregnancy can trigger the risks to have LBW infants up to 1.6 times. Fdakar-Soghe et al. reported that the probability of having LBW infants among mothers who did not use iron, multi-vitamin, and folic acid complements increased up to 13.16 times (Fadakar-Soogheh et al., 2012). Intake of supplementary complements by low-income populations can obviously prevent from the birth of LBW infants, because supporting mothers' nutritional requirements has a crucial role in the growth of fetus in uterus. In addition, the portion of hemoglobin normality content is another factor that critically improves the health quality of infants. Therefore, the rate of hemoglobin in the last trimester of pregnancy decreased the odds of LBW infants by half. Based on the results, the average weights of infants were significantly higher in mothers with abnormal rates of hematocrit in the first and third trimesters of pregnancy. Therefore, the rate of hemoglobin, especially in the first trimester of pregnancy, has a significant correlation with LBW infants, which is supported by the fetus requirements for reaching oxygen through blood circulation.
Finally, our results unveiled that the irregular or inadequate consumption of meat, legumes, nuts, milk, and other dairy products; vegetables; and fruits during the pregnancy could increase the odds of LBW infants by 2.1, 5.3, and 4.7 times, respectively. The inadequate consumption of bread and other cereal groups and fruits had no significant effect on the infants’ weights. Other researchers reported a correlation between mothers' nourishment status during the pregnancy and the infants' anemia. The odds of LBW infants was 2.57 to 3.75 times higher in mothers who did not consume fruits or dairy products regularly (Ramazanali et al., 2006).
The major limitation of the current study was its small number of participants that may have spoil the significant results and the power of the current study. Some critical data about mothers and their infants were not recorded in their files at the health centers; therefore, accuracy of the recorded data was not confirmed comprehensively. Moreover, the study findings can be considered for Burojerd City and further studies should be conducted so that the findings can be compared.
Conclusion
The outcomes indicated that the nourishment status of mothers before/during pregnancy could affect the infants' weight significantly. Therefore, by promoting a profitable and appropriate strategy for supporting mothers regarding their body nutritional requirements and by performing sanitary activities during pregnancy in the health centers, the anthropometric indices of newborn infants can be improved. Many mothers do not have access to appropriate foods in their families, which increases the odds of giving birth to LBW infants. Reception of regular counseling from nutritionists in the local health centers and consumption of the micro-nutritional complements can help all mothers to improve their pregnancy to have a healthy baby.
Acknowledgments
Authors appreciate the participants all health centers in Borujerd city.
Authors’ contributions
Siassi F and Jazayery A contributed to conception, design, and writing the manuscript draft. Niknejad N participated to data collection, statistical analyses, data interpretation and manuscript draftin All authors approved the final version of the manuscript and agreed upon all aspects of the work.
Conflict of interest
There is not any conflict of interest.
References
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Alexander G, Wingate M, Mor J & Boulet S 2007. Birth outcomes of Asian‐Indian‐Americans. International journal of gynecology & obstetrics. 97 (3): 215-220.
Assefa N, Berhane Y & Worku A 2012. Wealth status, mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) and antenatal care (ANC) are determinants for low birth weight in Kersa, Ethiopia. PloS one. 7 (6): e39957.
Azadbakht L, IsmaelZadeh A, Kimiagar M & Mehrabi I 2008. The association of dominant food patterns with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in women. Iranian journal of diabetes and lipid disorders. 7 (3): 325-342.
Badshah S, Mason L, McKelvie K, Payne R & Lisboa PJ 2008. Risk factors for low birthweight in the public-hospitals at Peshawar, NWFP-Pakistan. BMC public health. 8 (1): 197.
Bellinger D, Leviton A, Waternaux C, Needleman H & Rabinowitz M 1987. Longitudinal analyses of prenatal and postnatal lead exposure and early cognitive development. New England journal of medicine. 316 (17): 1037-1043.
Borders AEB, Grobman WA, Amsden LB & Holl JL 2007. Chronic stress and low birth weight neonates in a low-income population of women. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 109 (2): 331-338.
Brownson RC & Petitti DB 1998. Applied epidemiology: theory to practice. Oxford University Press on Demand.
Cogswell ME, Serdula MK, Hungerford DW & Yip R 1995. Gestational weight gain among average-weight and overweight women—what is excessive? American journal of obstetrics & gynecology. 172 (2): 705-712.
Fadakar-Soogheh K, Ghavi A, Niknami M & Kazemnejad L, E 2012. Relationship between mothers' nutritional status and weight gain during pregnancy with low weight. Journal of Guilan University of medical sciences. 21 (83): 27 (Persian).
Geronimus AT 1996. Black/white differences in the relationship of maternal age to birthweight: a population-based test of the weathering hypothesis. Social science & medicine. 42 (4): 589-597.
Golestan M, Akhavan Karbasi S & Fallah R 2011. Prevalence and risk factors for low birth weight in Yazd, Iran. Singapore medical journal. 52 (10): 730-733.
Hromi-Fiedler A 2007. Nutrient intakes, food insecurity, pregnancy weight gain and birth outcomes among Connecticut Latinas. University of Connecticut.
Kabali C & Werler MM 2007. Pre‐pregnant body mass index, weight gain and the risk of delivering large babies among non‐diabetic mothers. International journal of gynecology & obstetrics. 97 (2): 100-104.
Kolivand M, Almasi A & Heydarpour S 2014. Comparison between the outcomes of water birth and normal vaginal delivery. Journal of midwifery and reproductive health. 2 (4): 220-226.
Lekea-Karanika V, Tzoumaka-Bakoula C & Matsaniotis N 1999. Sociodemographic determinants of low birthweight in Greece: a population study. Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology. 13 (1): 65-77.
McDonald SD, Han Z, Mulla S & Beyene J 2010. Overweight and obesity in mothers and risk of preterm birth and low birth weight infants: systematic review and meta-analyses. British medical journal. 341: c3428.
Panter-Brick C 1998. Biological anthropology and child health: context, process and outcome. Cambridge University Press, : Cambridge.
Rafiei M 2007. Prevalence of low birth weight and obesity and some concomitant factors in live offspring’s in 2006 and compare with 2002 result’s in Arak Talleghani Hospital. Iranian journal of pediatrics. 17 (Suppl 1): 47-53.
Ramazanali F, Dastjerdi MV, Beigi A & Moini A 2006. The relationship between maternal HCT levels, birth weight and risk of low birth weight. Iranian journal of pediatrics. 16 (4): 447-454.
Rao S, et al. 2001. Intake of micronutrient-rich foods in rural Indian mothers is associated with the size of their babies at birth: Pune Maternal Nutrition Study. Journal of nutrition. 131 (4): 1217-1224.
Rashidian A, et al. 2014. Iran's multiple indicator demographic and health survey-2010: Study protocol. International journal of preventive medicine. 5 (5): 632.
Rasouli H, et al. 2018. Comparative in vitro/theoretical studies on the anti-angiogenic activity of date pollen hydro-alcoholic extract: Highlighting the important roles of its hot polyphenols. BioImpacts. 8 (4): 281-289.
Robert-McComb JJ, González ÁG & Carraway L 2014. Nutritional Guidelines and Energy Needs During Pregnancy and Lactation. In The Active Female, pp. 517-533. Springer.
Roudbari M, Yaghmaei M & Soheili M 2007. Prevalence and risk factors of low-birth-weight infants in Zahedan, Islamic Republic of Iran. Eastern Mediterranean health journal. 13 (4): 838-845.
Safari M, Samiee A, Salehi F, Ahmadi S & Ahmadi S 2016. The prevalence and related factors of low birth weight. International journal of epidemiologic research. 3 (3): 214-221.
Tootoonchi P 2007. Low birth weight among newborn infants at Tehran hospitals. Iranian journal of pediatrics. 17 (Suppl 2): 186-192.
Wu G, Bazer FW, Cudd TA, Meininger CJ & Spencer TE 2004. Maternal nutrition and fetal development. Tournal of nutrition. 134 (9): 2169-2172.
Type of article: orginal article |
Subject:
public specific
Received: 2019/01/30 | Published: 2020/05/1 | ePublished: 2020/05/1
Received: 2019/01/30 | Published: 2020/05/1 | ePublished: 2020/05/1
References
1. Akbari Z, Mansourian M & Kelishadi R 2015. Relationship of the intake of different food groups by pregnant mothers with the birth weight and gestational age: Need for public and individual educational programs. Journal of education and health promotion. 4.
2. Alexander G, Wingate M, Mor J & Boulet S 2007. Birth outcomes of Asian‐Indian‐Americans. International journal of gynecology & obstetrics. 97 (3): 215-220.
3. Assefa N, Berhane Y & Worku A 2012. Wealth status, mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) and antenatal care (ANC) are determinants for low birth weight in Kersa, Ethiopia. PloS one. 7 (6): e39957.
4. Azadbakht L, IsmaelZadeh A, Kimiagar M & Mehrabi I 2008. The association of dominant food patterns with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in women. Iranian journal of diabetes and lipid disorders. 7 (3): 325-342.
5. Badshah S, Mason L, McKelvie K, Payne R & Lisboa PJ 2008. Risk factors for low birthweight in the public-hospitals at Peshawar, NWFP-Pakistan. BMC public health. 8 (1): 197.
6. Bellinger D, Leviton A, Waternaux C, Needleman H & Rabinowitz M 1987. Longitudinal analyses of prenatal and postnatal lead exposure and early cognitive development. New England journal of medicine. 316 (17): 1037-1043.
7. Borders AEB, Grobman WA, Amsden LB & Holl JL 2007. Chronic stress and low birth weight neonates in a low-income population of women. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 109 (2): 331-338.
8. Brownson RC & Petitti DB 1998. Applied epidemiology: theory to practice. Oxford University Press on Demand.
9. Cogswell ME, Serdula MK, Hungerford DW & Yip R 1995. Gestational weight gain among average-weight and overweight women—what is excessive? American journal of obstetrics & gynecology. 172 (2): 705-712.
10. Fadakar-Soogheh K, Ghavi A, Niknami M & Kazemnejad L, E 2012. Relationship between mothers' nutritional status and weight gain during pregnancy with low weight. Journal of Guilan University of medical sciences. 21 (83): 27 (Persian).
11. Geronimus AT 1996. Black/white differences in the relationship of maternal age to birthweight: a population-based test of the weathering hypothesis. Social science & medicine. 42 (4): 589-597.
12. Golestan M, Akhavan Karbasi S & Fallah R 2011. Prevalence and risk factors for low birth weight in Yazd, Iran. Singapore medical journal. 52 (10): 730-733.
13. Hromi-Fiedler A 2007. Nutrient intakes, food insecurity, pregnancy weight gain and birth outcomes among Connecticut Latinas. University of Connecticut.
14. Kabali C & Werler MM 2007. Pre‐pregnant body mass index, weight gain and the risk of delivering large babies among non‐diabetic mothers. International journal of gynecology & obstetrics. 97 (2): 100-104.
15. Kolivand M, Almasi A & Heydarpour S 2014. Comparison between the outcomes of water birth and normal vaginal delivery. Journal of midwifery and reproductive health. 2 (4): 220-226.
16. Lekea-Karanika V, Tzoumaka-Bakoula C & Matsaniotis N 1999. Sociodemographic determinants of low birthweight in Greece: a population study. Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology. 13 (1): 65-77.
17. McDonald SD, Han Z, Mulla S & Beyene J 2010. Overweight and obesity in mothers and risk of preterm birth and low birth weight infants: systematic review and meta-analyses. British medical journal. 341: c3428.
18. Panter-Brick C 1998. Biological anthropology and child health: context, process and outcome. Cambridge University Press, : Cambridge.
19. Rafiei M 2007. Prevalence of low birth weight and obesity and some concomitant factors in live offspring’s in 2006 and compare with 2002 result’s in Arak Talleghani Hospital. Iranian journal of pediatrics. 17 (Suppl 1): 47-53.
20. Ramazanali F, Dastjerdi MV, Beigi A & Moini A 2006. The relationship between maternal HCT levels, birth weight and risk of low birth weight. Iranian journal of pediatrics. 16 (4): 447-454.
21. Rao S, et al. 2001. Intake of micronutrient-rich foods in rural Indian mothers is associated with the size of their babies at birth: Pune Maternal Nutrition Study. Journal of nutrition. 131 (4): 1217-1224.
22. Rashidian A, et al. 2014. Iran's multiple indicator demographic and health survey-2010: Study protocol. International journal of preventive medicine. 5 (5): 632.
23. Rasouli H, et al. 2018. Comparative in vitro/theoretical studies on the anti-angiogenic activity of date pollen hydro-alcoholic extract: Highlighting the important roles of its hot polyphenols. BioImpacts. 8 (4): 281-289.
24. Robert-McComb JJ, González ÁG & Carraway L 2014. Nutritional Guidelines and Energy Needs During Pregnancy and Lactation. In The Active Female, pp. 517-533. Springer.
25. Roudbari M, Yaghmaei M & Soheili M 2007. Prevalence and risk factors of low-birth-weight infants in Zahedan, Islamic Republic of Iran. Eastern Mediterranean health journal. 13 (4): 838-845.
26. Safari M, Samiee A, Salehi F, Ahmadi S & Ahmadi S 2016. The prevalence and related factors of low birth weight. International journal of epidemiologic research. 3 (3): 214-221.
27. Tootoonchi P 2007. Low birth weight among newborn infants at Tehran hospitals. Iranian journal of pediatrics. 17 (Suppl 2): 186-192.
28. Wu G, Bazer FW, Cudd TA, Meininger CJ & Spencer TE 2004. Maternal nutrition and fetal development. Tournal of nutrition. 134 (9): 2169-2172.
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