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Bahrami L S, Arabi S M, Hamidi Z, Tanha K, Vafa M. Food Insecurity Status in Heart Failure Patients in Iranian Population. JNFS 2018; 3 (1) :13-18
URL: http://jnfs.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-129-en.html
URL: http://jnfs.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-129-en.html
Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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| Abstract (HTML) (3235 Views)
Heart failure (HF) is a syndrome caused by abnormal heart structure and function, which associated with high mortality, frequent hospitalization, poor quality of life, numerous ailments, and require a complex treatment regimen (Dickstein et al., 2008). Approximately 1-2% of adult population in developed countries suffers from HF, which this prevalence increased by more than 10% among people aged 70 and over, meanwhile economic burden of heart failure is estimated at $ 28 billion.
This amount also increases with an aging population (Mosterd and Hoes, 2007). Cachexia is one of the possible outcomes of heart failure, which occurs in 10-15% of patients. This complication is associated with worsening symptoms and functional capacity of the body, increasing the number and duration of hospitalizations, and increased risk of mortality (Akashi et al., 2005). By the way, HF is in a relation with some diseases such as diabetes mellitus, renal insufficiency, hypertension and obesity (Widmer, 2011). Consequences of HF, especially in older patients, caused by biological, functional and psychological factors that nutritional status of the environment is one of them (Amare et al., 2015). Food and nutrition, including basic needs of human society and providing it lies in the context of food security. Food security is defined as access for all people at all times to enough food for an active and healthy life that includes: 1) The availability of healthy food and adequate nutrition and 2) the ability and confidence to obtain acceptable foods in a way that is acceptable in terms of population (Salarkia et al., 2014). In contrast, food insecurity is defined as "limited or uncertain access to nutritionally adequate and safe food or limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in a socially acceptable ways". Food insecurity is variable from concerns about access to food at the household level to a state of severe hunger among children who do not have food to eat. This condition is along with the potential consequences of nutrition, health status, chronic diseases and mental health (Melgar-Quinonez et al., 2006).
Previously, various studies were conducted in the field of food security survey in heart patients (Ford, 2013, Gowda et al., 2012, Parker et al., 2010, Seligman et al., 2010) that show the negative relationship between food intake status and the cardiovascular disease risk. But none of them had been studied food security of patients with HF, as we mentioned above this disease is bring with itself many consequences that they are being in close relation with food status.
Based on all above explanations, the aim of our study was to found the food security status in HF patients.
Materials and Methods
Participants & Study design: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 500 HF patients (households) were selected from their medical records in Imam Reza hospital in city of Mashhad by using simple random sampling. The calculation of the sample size conducted based on the Amare study (Amare et al., 2015) by G*Power (Version 3). After adjusting 20% for missing data and α = 0.05 and 80% power of the tests, we arrived the sample size equal to 332. One hundred seventy patients were excluded from the study, because of disagreement to contribute to study and 32 questionnaires were not properly filled out. Therefore, 300 questionnaires were analyzed. The data were collected between September 2016 and January 2017, in Imam Reza hospital of Mashhad, Iran.
Procedure of study: In this study, questionnaires have been filled via a face‑to‑face interview with responsible for household nutrition by trained person, and for enhance accuracy; all participating households were informed that their responses would remain confidential. The Iranian version of 9-item questionnaire of household food insecurity access scale (HFIAS) was used to measure food insecurity. This questionnaire was validated in Iran by Salarkia (Salarkia et al., 2014). This questionnaire contains 9-items from the food security: 1) Did you worry that your household would not have enough food? 2) Were you or any household member not able to eat the kinds of foods you preferred because of a lack of resources? 3) Did you or any household member eat a limited variety of foods due to a lack of resources? 4) Did you or any household member eat food that you preferred not to eat because of a lack of resources to obtain other types of food? 5) Did you or any household member eat a smaller meal than you felt you needed because there was not enough food? 6) Did you or any other household member eat fewer meals in a day because there was not enough food? 7) Was there ever no food at all in your household because there were not resources to get more? 8) Did you or any household member go to sleep at night hungry because there was not enough food? 9) Did you or any household member go a whole day without eating anything because there was not enough food? And the answers were, no (0 score), rarely (1 score), sometimes (2 score), and often (3 score), based on the HFIAS questionnaire scores, households were grouped in four categories of food access insecurity: secure (0–1), mildly food insecure (2–7), moderately food insecure (8–14) and severely food insecure (15–27) (Salarkia et al., 2014).
Ethical considerations: All participating households provided informed consent after being acquainted with the purpose of study. The approval of this research was obtained from the research committee of the Iran University of Medical Sciences.
Data analysis: Descriptive statistics were carried out to describe demographic data. Categorical variables are reported through frequencies (percentages) and the Chi- square test was performed. All the statistical procedure was calculated with SPSS software, version 24, (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Results
Fifty five percent (165 people) of participants in this study were male. 54 percent were over 60 years old and 68.6 percent (205 people) had a body mass index (BMI) more than 25 kg/m2. The number of people with diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia as well as other demographic indicators and the food security has been determined by a separation of these variables in Table 1. Among the participants in this study, 129 patients (43%) were secure, 42 patients (14%) were mild, 82 patients (27.3%) were moderate and 47 patients (15.7%) were also sever.
To examine the relationship between measured variables and food security of participants; food security was divided into the two categories of secure and insecure (including three mild, moderate and severe categories). Chi-square test results show that there is no significant relationship between hyperlipidemia and food security distribution, (P = 0.73). In other cases, a strong correlation was observed (P < 0.01) that accurate results can be seen in Table 2.
References
Full-Text: (655 Views)
Food Insecurity Status in Heart Failure Patients in Iranian Population
Leila Sadat Bahrami; MSc1, Seyed Mostafa Arabi; MSc 2, Zahra Hamidi; PhD3
Kiarash Tanha; BS4 & Mohammadreza Vafa; PhD*5
1 Student Research Committee, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
2 School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
3 Cardiac Rehabilitation Department, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
4 Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medial Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
5 Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Introduction
Leila Sadat Bahrami; MSc1, Seyed Mostafa Arabi; MSc 2, Zahra Hamidi; PhD3
Kiarash Tanha; BS4 & Mohammadreza Vafa; PhD*5
1 Student Research Committee, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
2 School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
3 Cardiac Rehabilitation Department, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
4 Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medial Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
5 Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| ARTICLE INFO | ABSTRACT | |
| ORIGINAL ARTICLE | Background: We were conducted this study to assess the prevalence of food insecurity in heart failure patients households and the relationship between food security and some variables in this households. Methods: In this cross sectional study, a total of 300 heart failure patients' households were studied in Imam Reza hospital of Mashhad. The Iranian version of household food insecurity access scale was used to measure food security. Results: Among the participants in this study, 129 patients (43%) were secure, 42 patients (14%), 82 patients (27.3%) and 47 patients (15.7%) were mild, moderate and sever insecure, respectively. Chi-square test results show that there is a strong association between diabetes, hypertension, body mass index (BMI), and food security distribution (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Based on our findings, food insecurity is mild to severe prevalent in heart failure patients households, meanwhile there is a strong relationship between diabetes, hypertension, BMI and food security status, so it is important to assess their food status and prevent from worsening their nutritional status. Key words: Food insecurity; Heart failure; Nutrition. |
|
| Article history: Received: 13 Apr 2017 Revised: 3 May 2017 Accepted: 17 Jun 2017 |
||
| *Corresponding author: rezavafa@yahoo.com School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Postal code:1449614535 Tel: +98 2186701 |
Introduction
Heart failure (HF) is a syndrome caused by abnormal heart structure and function, which associated with high mortality, frequent hospitalization, poor quality of life, numerous ailments, and require a complex treatment regimen (Dickstein et al., 2008). Approximately 1-2% of adult population in developed countries suffers from HF, which this prevalence increased by more than 10% among people aged 70 and over, meanwhile economic burden of heart failure is estimated at $ 28 billion.
This amount also increases with an aging population (Mosterd and Hoes, 2007). Cachexia is one of the possible outcomes of heart failure, which occurs in 10-15% of patients. This complication is associated with worsening symptoms and functional capacity of the body, increasing the number and duration of hospitalizations, and increased risk of mortality (Akashi et al., 2005). By the way, HF is in a relation with some diseases such as diabetes mellitus, renal insufficiency, hypertension and obesity (Widmer, 2011). Consequences of HF, especially in older patients, caused by biological, functional and psychological factors that nutritional status of the environment is one of them (Amare et al., 2015). Food and nutrition, including basic needs of human society and providing it lies in the context of food security. Food security is defined as access for all people at all times to enough food for an active and healthy life that includes: 1) The availability of healthy food and adequate nutrition and 2) the ability and confidence to obtain acceptable foods in a way that is acceptable in terms of population (Salarkia et al., 2014). In contrast, food insecurity is defined as "limited or uncertain access to nutritionally adequate and safe food or limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in a socially acceptable ways". Food insecurity is variable from concerns about access to food at the household level to a state of severe hunger among children who do not have food to eat. This condition is along with the potential consequences of nutrition, health status, chronic diseases and mental health (Melgar-Quinonez et al., 2006).
Previously, various studies were conducted in the field of food security survey in heart patients (Ford, 2013, Gowda et al., 2012, Parker et al., 2010, Seligman et al., 2010) that show the negative relationship between food intake status and the cardiovascular disease risk. But none of them had been studied food security of patients with HF, as we mentioned above this disease is bring with itself many consequences that they are being in close relation with food status.
Based on all above explanations, the aim of our study was to found the food security status in HF patients.
Materials and Methods
Participants & Study design: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 500 HF patients (households) were selected from their medical records in Imam Reza hospital in city of Mashhad by using simple random sampling. The calculation of the sample size conducted based on the Amare study (Amare et al., 2015) by G*Power (Version 3). After adjusting 20% for missing data and α = 0.05 and 80% power of the tests, we arrived the sample size equal to 332. One hundred seventy patients were excluded from the study, because of disagreement to contribute to study and 32 questionnaires were not properly filled out. Therefore, 300 questionnaires were analyzed. The data were collected between September 2016 and January 2017, in Imam Reza hospital of Mashhad, Iran.
Procedure of study: In this study, questionnaires have been filled via a face‑to‑face interview with responsible for household nutrition by trained person, and for enhance accuracy; all participating households were informed that their responses would remain confidential. The Iranian version of 9-item questionnaire of household food insecurity access scale (HFIAS) was used to measure food insecurity. This questionnaire was validated in Iran by Salarkia (Salarkia et al., 2014). This questionnaire contains 9-items from the food security: 1) Did you worry that your household would not have enough food? 2) Were you or any household member not able to eat the kinds of foods you preferred because of a lack of resources? 3) Did you or any household member eat a limited variety of foods due to a lack of resources? 4) Did you or any household member eat food that you preferred not to eat because of a lack of resources to obtain other types of food? 5) Did you or any household member eat a smaller meal than you felt you needed because there was not enough food? 6) Did you or any other household member eat fewer meals in a day because there was not enough food? 7) Was there ever no food at all in your household because there were not resources to get more? 8) Did you or any household member go to sleep at night hungry because there was not enough food? 9) Did you or any household member go a whole day without eating anything because there was not enough food? And the answers were, no (0 score), rarely (1 score), sometimes (2 score), and often (3 score), based on the HFIAS questionnaire scores, households were grouped in four categories of food access insecurity: secure (0–1), mildly food insecure (2–7), moderately food insecure (8–14) and severely food insecure (15–27) (Salarkia et al., 2014).
Ethical considerations: All participating households provided informed consent after being acquainted with the purpose of study. The approval of this research was obtained from the research committee of the Iran University of Medical Sciences.
Data analysis: Descriptive statistics were carried out to describe demographic data. Categorical variables are reported through frequencies (percentages) and the Chi- square test was performed. All the statistical procedure was calculated with SPSS software, version 24, (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Results
Fifty five percent (165 people) of participants in this study were male. 54 percent were over 60 years old and 68.6 percent (205 people) had a body mass index (BMI) more than 25 kg/m2. The number of people with diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia as well as other demographic indicators and the food security has been determined by a separation of these variables in Table 1. Among the participants in this study, 129 patients (43%) were secure, 42 patients (14%) were mild, 82 patients (27.3%) were moderate and 47 patients (15.7%) were also sever.
To examine the relationship between measured variables and food security of participants; food security was divided into the two categories of secure and insecure (including three mild, moderate and severe categories). Chi-square test results show that there is no significant relationship between hyperlipidemia and food security distribution, (P = 0.73). In other cases, a strong correlation was observed (P < 0.01) that accurate results can be seen in Table 2.
| Table 1. Distribution of subjects based on the status of food security | |||||
| Variables | Food security categories | Total | |||
| Secure | Mild | Moderate | Severe | ||
| Gender | |||||
| Male | (29) 87 | (6.3) 19 | (16.7) 50 | (3) 9 | 165 (55) |
| Female | (14) 42 | (7.7) 23 | (10.7) 32 | (12.7) 38 | 135 (45) |
| Years of education | |||||
| < 12 | (11.7) 35 | (8.7) 26 | (21.7) 65 | (14.7) 44 | 170 (56.7) |
| ≥ 12 | (31.3) 94 | (5.3) 16 | (5.7) 17 | (1) 3 | 130 (43.3) |
| Job | |||||
| Occupied | (28.3) 79 | (3.3) 10 | (11) 33 | (1) 3 | 125 (41.7) |
| Jobless | (6) 18 | (7.3) 22 | (12) 36 | (14) 42 | 118 (39.3) |
| Retired | (10.7) 32 | (3.3) 10 | (4.3) 13 | (0.7) 2 | 57 (19) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||||
| < 25 | (18.1) 54 | (2.3) 7 | (7.7) 23 | (3.3) 10 | 94 (31.4) |
| ≥ 25 | (25.1) 75 | (11.7) 35 | (19.4) 58 | (12.4) 37 | 205 (68.3) |
| Age (year) | |||||
| < 60 | (28.3) 85 | (6.7) 20 | (13) 39 | (6) 18 | 162 (54) |
| ≥ 60 | (14.7) 44 | (7.3) 22 | (14.3) 43 | (9.7) 29 | 138 (46) |
| Hypertention | (18.3) 55 | (7.7) 23 | (17.3) 52 | (8.7) 26 | 156 (52) |
| Diabetes | (14.7) 44 | (7.7) 23 | (13.7) 41 | (6.7) 20 | 128 (42.7) |
| Hyperlipidemia | (12.3) 37 | (3.7) 11 | (8.3) 25 | (3.3) 10 | 83 (27.7) |
| Table 2. The relationship between demographic variables and risk factors of cardiovascular disease with food security status | |||
| Variables | Food security categories | P-value | |
| Secure | Insecure | ||
| Gender | |||
| Male | (29) 87 | (26) 78 | 0.001 > |
| Female | (14) 42 | (31) 93 | |
| Years of education | |||
| <12 | (11.7) 35 | (45) 135 | 0.001 > |
| > 12 | (31.3) 94 | (12) 36 | |
| Job | |||
| Occupied | (28.3) 79 | (15.3) 46 | 0.001 > |
| Jobless | (6) 18 | (33.3) 100 | |
| Retired | (10.7) 32 | (8.3) 25 | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | |||
| <25 | (18.1) 54 | (13.4) 40 | 0.001 |
| >25 | (25.1) 75 | (43.5) 130 | |
| Age (year) | |||
| <60 | (28.3) 85 | (25.7) 77 | 0.001 |
| >60 | (14.7) 44 | (31.3) 94 | |
| Hypertention | (18.3) 55 | (33.7) 101 | 0.005 |
| Diabetes | (14.7) 44 | (28) 84 | 0.009 |
| Hyperlipidemia | (12.3) 37 | (15.3) 46 | 0.733 |
Discussion
This investigation was a cross-sectional study designed to assess the prevalence of food insecurity in heart failure patients. This findings indicated that household food insecurity were 15.7% sever and 27.3% moderate in heart failure patients, that can show a strong relationship with the consequences of this illness. In Charitha Gowda's study used the US department of agriculture food security scale module in order to assess the relationship between food insecurity and inflammation in US, observed that 21.5% of study population was food insecure and they also found that food insecurity was associated with higher levels of C-reactive protein (an inflammatory marker) has been linked to health conditions such as peripheral arterial disease, and cardiovascular disease (Gowda et al., 2012, Shankar and Li, 2008). Numerous studies in the United States have indicated that food insecurity is related with adverse health outcomes, including diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease that the mechanism of this relationship have not been well studied yet (Olson, 1999, Seligman et al., 2007, Seligman et al., 2010, Stuff et al., 2004, Vozoris and Tarasuk, 2003).
In this study after divided food security into two categories (secure and insecure), we observed that years of education, job, BMI, age, hypertension and diabetes are in a strong relation with food security status. In Parker's study that conducted to assess the relationship between food security and metabolic syndrome in US adults the results show that Members of households with very low food-secure were more likely to have abnormal glucose,
HDL-c and systolic blood pressure compared with other categories of household food security (Parker et al., 2010). In study conducted by Stuff, food insecurity was positively associated with obesity in non-whites (Stuff et al., 2007).
However, food security status was not in a relation with hyperlipidemia, Likewise, Hilary indicated that an association between food insecurity and hyperlipidemia was weak and not significant (Seligman et al., 2010). On the other hand, in Tayie's study that carried out to investigate the relation between food insecurity and dyslipidemia in US, the results show that
food insecure women may be in a risk of hyperlipidemia (Tayie and Zizza, 2009). We hypothesized that, this non-significant result was because we do not adjusted this variable for some important confounders such as any medical treatment, food intake patterns, dietary fiber and physical activity. As observed in this study and other mentioned studies, food security is in a strong relation with health condition in heart failure patients.
This study has some strengths: For the first time we used the Iranian version of 9-item HFIAS questionnaire, according to the hospital where the study was conducted is a referral hospital results can be generalized to all heart failure patients in Mashhad. And some limitations: cross sectional design of the study is the first limitation that we have to note, and the second one is that we do not adjusted our variables for medical treatment, food intake patterns and physical activity, so we suggest that future studies consider this parameters.
Conclusions
The results of this study showed that food insecurity is mild to severe prevalent among heart failure patients households and also observed that some variables such as diabetes, hypertension and BMI had a relation to food insecurity. So there is a need to identify food insecure heart failure patients and modify their food status.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to all study participants and also extend our appreciation to those who helped us in every way possible in this study. This work was financially supported by the Iran University of Medical Sciences Foundation.
Authors’ contributions
Vafa M and Bahrami LS designed the study. Bahrami LS, Arabi SM and Hamidi Z carried out the study and informed the patients. Tanha K analyzed the data. Bahrami LS and Vafa M designed the manuscript and all authors studied and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
This investigation was a cross-sectional study designed to assess the prevalence of food insecurity in heart failure patients. This findings indicated that household food insecurity were 15.7% sever and 27.3% moderate in heart failure patients, that can show a strong relationship with the consequences of this illness. In Charitha Gowda's study used the US department of agriculture food security scale module in order to assess the relationship between food insecurity and inflammation in US, observed that 21.5% of study population was food insecure and they also found that food insecurity was associated with higher levels of C-reactive protein (an inflammatory marker) has been linked to health conditions such as peripheral arterial disease, and cardiovascular disease (Gowda et al., 2012, Shankar and Li, 2008). Numerous studies in the United States have indicated that food insecurity is related with adverse health outcomes, including diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease that the mechanism of this relationship have not been well studied yet (Olson, 1999, Seligman et al., 2007, Seligman et al., 2010, Stuff et al., 2004, Vozoris and Tarasuk, 2003).
In this study after divided food security into two categories (secure and insecure), we observed that years of education, job, BMI, age, hypertension and diabetes are in a strong relation with food security status. In Parker's study that conducted to assess the relationship between food security and metabolic syndrome in US adults the results show that Members of households with very low food-secure were more likely to have abnormal glucose,
HDL-c and systolic blood pressure compared with other categories of household food security (Parker et al., 2010). In study conducted by Stuff, food insecurity was positively associated with obesity in non-whites (Stuff et al., 2007).
However, food security status was not in a relation with hyperlipidemia, Likewise, Hilary indicated that an association between food insecurity and hyperlipidemia was weak and not significant (Seligman et al., 2010). On the other hand, in Tayie's study that carried out to investigate the relation between food insecurity and dyslipidemia in US, the results show that
food insecure women may be in a risk of hyperlipidemia (Tayie and Zizza, 2009). We hypothesized that, this non-significant result was because we do not adjusted this variable for some important confounders such as any medical treatment, food intake patterns, dietary fiber and physical activity. As observed in this study and other mentioned studies, food security is in a strong relation with health condition in heart failure patients.
This study has some strengths: For the first time we used the Iranian version of 9-item HFIAS questionnaire, according to the hospital where the study was conducted is a referral hospital results can be generalized to all heart failure patients in Mashhad. And some limitations: cross sectional design of the study is the first limitation that we have to note, and the second one is that we do not adjusted our variables for medical treatment, food intake patterns and physical activity, so we suggest that future studies consider this parameters.
Conclusions
The results of this study showed that food insecurity is mild to severe prevalent among heart failure patients households and also observed that some variables such as diabetes, hypertension and BMI had a relation to food insecurity. So there is a need to identify food insecure heart failure patients and modify their food status.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to all study participants and also extend our appreciation to those who helped us in every way possible in this study. This work was financially supported by the Iran University of Medical Sciences Foundation.
Authors’ contributions
Vafa M and Bahrami LS designed the study. Bahrami LS, Arabi SM and Hamidi Z carried out the study and informed the patients. Tanha K analyzed the data. Bahrami LS and Vafa M designed the manuscript and all authors studied and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
References
Akashi YJ, Springer J & Anker SD 2005. Cachexia in chronic heart failure: prognostic implications and novel therapeutic approaches. Current heart failure reports. 2 (4): 198-203.
Amare H, Hamza L & Asefa H 2015. Malnutrition and associated factors among heart failure patients on follow up at Jimma university specialized hospital, Ethiopia. BMC cardiovascular disorders. 15 (1): 128.
Dickstein K, et al. 2008. ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008. European journal of heart failure. 10 (10): 933-989.
Ford ES 2013. Food security and cardiovascular disease risk among adults in the United States: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003–2008. Preventing chronic disease. 10.
Gowda C, Hadley C & Aiello AE 2012. The association between food insecurity and inflammation in the US adult population. American journal of public health. 102 (8): 1579-1586.
Melgar-Quinonez HR, et al. 2006. Household food insecurity and food expenditure in Bolivia, Burkina Faso, and the Philippines. The Journal of nutrition. 136 (5): 1431S-1437S.
Mosterd A & Hoes AW 2007. Clinical epidemiology of heart failure. Heart. 93 (9): 1137-1146.
Olson CM 1999. Nutrition and health outcomes associated with food insecurity and hunger. The Journal of nutrition. 129 (2): 521S-524S.
Parker ED, Widome R, Nettleton JA & Pereira MA 2010. Food security and metabolic syndrome in US adults and adolescents: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2006. Annals of epidemiology. 20 (5): 364-370.
Salarkia N, Abdollahi M, Amini M & Neyestani TR 2014. An adapted Household Food Insecurity Access Scale is a valid tool as a proxy measure of food access for use in urban Iran. Food security. 6 (2): 275-282.
Seligman HK, Bindman AB, Vittinghoff E, Kanaya AM & Kushel MB 2007. Food insecurity is associated with diabetes mellitus: results from the National Health Examination and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2002. Journal of general internal medicine. 22 (7): 1018-1023.
Seligman HK, Laraia BA & Kushel MB 2010. Food insecurity is associated with chronic disease among low-income NHANES participants. The Journal of nutrition. 140 (2): 304-310.
Shankar A & Li J 2008. Positive association between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
level and diabetes mellitus among US non-Hispanic black adults. Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes. 116 (08): 455-460.
Stuff JE, et al. 2007. Household food insecurity and obesity, chronic disease, and chronic disease risk factors. Journal of hunger & environmental nutrition. 1 (2): 43-62.
Stuff JE, et al. 2004. Household food insecurity is associated with adult health status. The journal of nutrition. 134 (9): 2330-2335.
Tayie FA & Zizza CA 2009. Food insecurity and dyslipidemia among adults in the United States. Preventive medicine. 48 (5): 480-485.
Vozoris NT & Tarasuk VS 2003. Household food insufficiency is associated with poorer health. The Journal of nutrition. 133 (1): 120-126.
Widmer F 2011. Comorbidity in heart failure. Therapeutische umschau. revue therapeutique. 68 (2): 103-106.
Amare H, Hamza L & Asefa H 2015. Malnutrition and associated factors among heart failure patients on follow up at Jimma university specialized hospital, Ethiopia. BMC cardiovascular disorders. 15 (1): 128.
Dickstein K, et al. 2008. ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008. European journal of heart failure. 10 (10): 933-989.
Ford ES 2013. Food security and cardiovascular disease risk among adults in the United States: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003–2008. Preventing chronic disease. 10.
Gowda C, Hadley C & Aiello AE 2012. The association between food insecurity and inflammation in the US adult population. American journal of public health. 102 (8): 1579-1586.
Melgar-Quinonez HR, et al. 2006. Household food insecurity and food expenditure in Bolivia, Burkina Faso, and the Philippines. The Journal of nutrition. 136 (5): 1431S-1437S.
Mosterd A & Hoes AW 2007. Clinical epidemiology of heart failure. Heart. 93 (9): 1137-1146.
Olson CM 1999. Nutrition and health outcomes associated with food insecurity and hunger. The Journal of nutrition. 129 (2): 521S-524S.
Parker ED, Widome R, Nettleton JA & Pereira MA 2010. Food security and metabolic syndrome in US adults and adolescents: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2006. Annals of epidemiology. 20 (5): 364-370.
Salarkia N, Abdollahi M, Amini M & Neyestani TR 2014. An adapted Household Food Insecurity Access Scale is a valid tool as a proxy measure of food access for use in urban Iran. Food security. 6 (2): 275-282.
Seligman HK, Bindman AB, Vittinghoff E, Kanaya AM & Kushel MB 2007. Food insecurity is associated with diabetes mellitus: results from the National Health Examination and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2002. Journal of general internal medicine. 22 (7): 1018-1023.
Seligman HK, Laraia BA & Kushel MB 2010. Food insecurity is associated with chronic disease among low-income NHANES participants. The Journal of nutrition. 140 (2): 304-310.
Shankar A & Li J 2008. Positive association between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
level and diabetes mellitus among US non-Hispanic black adults. Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes. 116 (08): 455-460.
Stuff JE, et al. 2007. Household food insecurity and obesity, chronic disease, and chronic disease risk factors. Journal of hunger & environmental nutrition. 1 (2): 43-62.
Stuff JE, et al. 2004. Household food insecurity is associated with adult health status. The journal of nutrition. 134 (9): 2330-2335.
Tayie FA & Zizza CA 2009. Food insecurity and dyslipidemia among adults in the United States. Preventive medicine. 48 (5): 480-485.
Vozoris NT & Tarasuk VS 2003. Household food insufficiency is associated with poorer health. The Journal of nutrition. 133 (1): 120-126.
Widmer F 2011. Comorbidity in heart failure. Therapeutische umschau. revue therapeutique. 68 (2): 103-106.
Type of article: orginal article |
Subject:
public specific
Received: 2017/04/9 | Published: 2018/01/30 | ePublished: 2018/01/30
Received: 2017/04/9 | Published: 2018/01/30 | ePublished: 2018/01/30
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