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JNFS 2024, 9(4): 755-760 |
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Najafi N, Masoumi S J, Nekooeian A A, Tanideh N, Babajafari S, Khosravi-Boroujeni H, et al . Investigating Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Effects regarding Ethanol Extract of Allium Porrum L. in Rats with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. JNFS 2024; 9 (4) :755-760
URL: http://jnfs.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-981-en.html
URL: http://jnfs.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-981-en.html
Nahid Najafi 
, Seyed Jalil Masoumi * , Ali Akbar Nekooeian , Nader Tanideh , Siavash Babajafari , Hossein Khosravi-Boroujeni , Najmeh Maayeshi , Saeed Sherafatmanesh
, Seyed Jalil Masoumi * , Ali Akbar Nekooeian , Nader Tanideh , Siavash Babajafari , Hossein Khosravi-Boroujeni , Najmeh Maayeshi , Saeed Sherafatmanesh
Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
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Investigating Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Effects regarding Ethanol Extract of Allium Porrum L. in Rats with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Nahid Najafi; PhD Candidate1, Seyed Jalil Masoumi; MD, MPH , PhD*1,2,3, Ali Akbar Nekooeian; VMD, PhD4, Nader Tanideh; VMD, MPH , PhD5,6, Siavash Babajafari; MD, PhD1, Hossein Khosravi-Boroujeni; MSc7, Najmeh Maayeshi; MSc8,9 & Saeed Sherafatmanesh; PhD Candidate8,9
1 Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran;
2 Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; 3 Employee Cohort Study, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; 4 Cardiovascular Pharmacology Research Lab. Department of Pharmacology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; 5 Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; 6 Pharmacology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; 7 School of Medicine and Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, QLD, Australia; 8 Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; 9 Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
2 Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; 3 Employee Cohort Study, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; 4 Cardiovascular Pharmacology Research Lab. Department of Pharmacology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; 5 Stem Cells Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; 6 Pharmacology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; 7 School of Medicine and Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, QLD, Australia; 8 Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; 9 Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| ARTICLE INFO | ABSTRACT | |
| ORIGINAL ARTICLE | Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a common endocrine and metabolic disorder worldwide. Meanwhile, Allium Porrum L. (AP) has been recognized as one of the most eminent traditional herbal medicines with substantial health benefits. The aim of the present study is to evaluate anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol extract of AP in rats with T2D. Methods: 70 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 7 groups of 10 animals each. The study groups were as follows: The study groups were as follows: healthy control (HC); healthy control rats receiving 100 mg/kg of AP extract (HC.AP.100); diabetic control (DC); diabetic rats receiving 10 mg/kg metformin (DT.M.10); diabetic animals receiving 50 mg/kg of AP extract (DT.AP.50); diabetic rats receiving 100 mg/kg of AP extract (DT.AP.100); and diabetic animals receiving 200 mg/kg of AP extract (DT.AP.200). Results: After 6 weeks of intervention, the level of serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were significantly increased (P=0.02) and (P=0.002), respectively; while superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentration was notably reduced (P=0.04) in DC.M.10 in comparison with that of the HC.AP.100 group. Also, compared to DC.M.10 group, all rats treated with metformin and AP showed a significant decrease in the level of MDA and TNF-α, along with an enhancement of SOD concentration (All P<0.001). Moreover, in comparison with DT.M.10, DT.AP.50, and DT.AP.100 treatments, the DT.AP.200 group revealed a significantly higher improvement in serum TNF-α concentration (P=0.04, P=0.003 and P=0.003, respectively). Conclusion: The findings revealed that the use of AP extract for 6 weeks may have beneficial effects on oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in T2D-induced rat models. |
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| Article history: Received: 7 Oct 2023 Revised: 6 Nov 2023 Accepted: 6 Nov 2023 |
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| *Corresponding author: masoumi7415@gmail.com Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran. Postal code: 7134814336 Tel: +98 71 37251007 |
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| Keyword: Oxidative stress; Inflammation; Allium porrum; Diabetes |
Introduction
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is known as a main global chronic endocrine and metabolic illness which is associated with serious pathologic features including insulin resistance and disturbances in blood lipid and glycemic profile (Dilworth et al., 2021). T2D has become much more prevalent in recent decades. Over 171 million people globally had diabetes in 2000, and it is predicted that this number would rise to 366 million by 2030 (Wild et al., 2004). It has been documented that the absence of sufficient compensation of insulin resistance may result in damaged body antioxidant defense system due to higher generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during long-term hyperglycemic state (Sanders et al., 2001, Sherafatmanesh et al., 2019, Virally et al., 2007). Elevated ROS levels have been identified as the primary cause of T2D long term-complications such as systemic inflammation, neuropathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular diseases (Singh et al., 2022).
Presently, pharmaceutical therapy including metformin and glucocorticoids is the common remedy for T2D; however, the effectiveness of these treatments is restricted due to their adverse side effects such as hepatotoxicity, acute pancreatitis, and vitamin B12 alterations (Shurrab and Arafa, 2020). Hence, in order to advance the management of T2D, natural approaches should be replaced with synthetic ones that have less detrimental consequences (Suji and Sivakami, 2003).
Presently, pharmaceutical therapy including metformin and glucocorticoids is the common remedy for T2D; however, the effectiveness of these treatments is restricted due to their adverse side effects such as hepatotoxicity, acute pancreatitis, and vitamin B12 alterations (Shurrab and Arafa, 2020). Hence, in order to advance the management of T2D, natural approaches should be replaced with synthetic ones that have less detrimental consequences (Suji and Sivakami, 2003).
Allium porrum (AP; also known as leek), from the alliaceae family, is an eminent bulbous perennial plant with overlapping leaves which is naturally found in different regions of the Middle East, including Iran and Turkey (Al-Snafi, 2013, Aslan et al., 2010, Keusgen, 2002, Zeng et al., 2017). Previous studies have shown that leek leaves may play an important role in improving digestive problems, atherosclerosis, joint pain, respiratory inflammation, and kidney stones. AP is considered a high source of nutritive elements such as potassium, iron, selenium, thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, and vitamin C (Koca and Tasci, 2015). Furthermore, it contains bioactive components, including saponin, sapogenin, quercetin and kaempferol, which also have been reported to contain high potential therapeutic properties, such as high antioxidant capacity, antihyperlipidemic, immune system regulating, and anti-cancer activities (Benedé et al., 2019, El-Shenawy et al., 2013, Kazemi et al., 2010, Kovarovič et al., 2021, Movahedian et al., 2006). Therefore, in the current study; the authors aim to investigate antioxidative effects of AP extract on T2D-induced rats.
Materials and Methods
Preparation of AP extract
AP leaves were harvested from a farm located in Nourabad Mamasani region, Fars province, Iran. The genus identification (herbarium number: 2196) was certified by plant taxonomy biologist (Dr. Khademian) from the Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Dried leaves were powdered with an electric mill, then, 500 g of the powder was mixed with 70% ethanol. The mixture was blended using a magnetic stirrer (Labinco model L81, DG Breda, Netherlands) at room temperature for 72 h, 300 rpm. At last, the residual content was filtered, and the solvent was isolated by a Rotary concentrator and dried in a desiccator at 37 °C.
Experimental animals
First, 70 male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200–220 g were obtained from the central animal house of Shiraz University of medical sciences, Iran. Then, rats were caged under appropriate laboratory conditions (21±2 °C temperature, 12-h dark and light cycle. 50-60% humidity) with free access to similar ad libitum and water for two weeks. The animal procedures in this experiment were conducted in accordance with the ethics stated in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources (US), 1996).
Disease induction
At baseline, rats were randomly divided into two groups of control and diabetic. The diabetes was inducted using an intraperitoneal injection of 65 mg/kg streptozotocin (Zelbio, Germany), along with 100 mg/kg nicotinamide, 10 minutes after the first injection. Subsequently, rats with fasting blood sugar concentration above 126 mg/dl were considered as type 2 diabetic rats, and rats with lower levels were excluded from the study.
Study design
After the disease induction phase, the study animals were divided randomly into seven equal groups of 10 rats each: Healthy control group receiving distilled water (HC); healthy control rats receiving 100 mg/kg of AP extract (HC.AP.100); diabetic control animals receiving distilled water (DC); diabetic rats receiving metformin (Shafa Pharmaceutical Co., Tehran, IRAN) dissolved in normal saline at a level of 10 mg/kg (DT.M.10); diabetic animals receiving 50 mg/kg of AP extract (DT.AP.50); diabetic rats receiving 100 mg/kg of AP extract (DT.AP.100) and diabetic animals receiving 200 mg/kg of AP extract (DT.AP.200). All administrations were conducted by oral gavage at a specific time of the day for 6 weeks.
Blood biochemical measurements
At the end of the experiment, the rats were fasting for 12 hours. They were then euthanized in a container pre-filled with 70% carbon dioxide (CO2) gas, which according to prior research, was a standard and secure technique for euthanizing experimental animals (Conlee et al., 2005). 5 ml of blood was taken by a disposable syringe injected directly into the heart and centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 10 min to separate the serum. All the serum samples were kept in sterile micro-centrifuge tubes at −80 °C until the study parameters were evaluated. An ELISA kit (Zelbio, Germany) was used to determine the serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentrations. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured spectrophotometrically with the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) method (Kalaivanam et al., 2006). At last, the concentration of serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was assessed using the ELISA kit (IBL International, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
Ethical considerations
The protocol of the study was confirmed by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC) of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (Shiraz, Iran), following the NIH guidelines for the care and use of animals (NIH publication NO. 85-23, revised in 1996).
Data analysis
All Statistical analyses were done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (version 23.0; SPSS Inc). For each variable, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess the normal distribution of the data. One-way ANOVA test was used for comparing the variables between groups, and Tukey test was used for pairwise comparisons. P-values<0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.
Results
The alterations in serum concentrations of the oxidative stress parameters after six weeks of intervention have been reported in Table 1. As the table depicts, the amount of serum MDA (P=0.02), and TNF-α (P=0.002) were significantly increased, while the SOD concentration (P=0.04) was notably reduced in the DC group in comparison with that of the HC group. By the end of the experiment, compared to the DC group, a significant decrease was detected in the level of MDA and TNF-α, along with an enhancement of SOD concentration in all rats treated by metformin and AP (All P<0.001). Meanwhile, compared to the DT.M.10, DT.AP.50 and DT.AP.100 treatments, the DT.AP.200 group showed significantly higher improvement in serum TNF-α concentration (P=0.04, P=0.003, and P=0.003, respectively).
Discussion
The results of the present study provided clinical evidence that the consumption of AP in the form of its hydroalcoholic extract may lead to the improvement of oxidative stress indicators in experimental diabetic rats.
The use of herbal medicine has been globally considered to control and also treat different diseases (Ryan et al., 2001). Reports on diabetic patients showed that one-third of diabetic patients use herbal remedies and consider these agents to be effective and satisfactory (Ryan et al., 2001, Vats et al., 2002).
Materials and Methods
Preparation of AP extract
AP leaves were harvested from a farm located in Nourabad Mamasani region, Fars province, Iran. The genus identification (herbarium number: 2196) was certified by plant taxonomy biologist (Dr. Khademian) from the Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Dried leaves were powdered with an electric mill, then, 500 g of the powder was mixed with 70% ethanol. The mixture was blended using a magnetic stirrer (Labinco model L81, DG Breda, Netherlands) at room temperature for 72 h, 300 rpm. At last, the residual content was filtered, and the solvent was isolated by a Rotary concentrator and dried in a desiccator at 37 °C.
Experimental animals
First, 70 male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200–220 g were obtained from the central animal house of Shiraz University of medical sciences, Iran. Then, rats were caged under appropriate laboratory conditions (21±2 °C temperature, 12-h dark and light cycle. 50-60% humidity) with free access to similar ad libitum and water for two weeks. The animal procedures in this experiment were conducted in accordance with the ethics stated in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources (US), 1996).
Disease induction
At baseline, rats were randomly divided into two groups of control and diabetic. The diabetes was inducted using an intraperitoneal injection of 65 mg/kg streptozotocin (Zelbio, Germany), along with 100 mg/kg nicotinamide, 10 minutes after the first injection. Subsequently, rats with fasting blood sugar concentration above 126 mg/dl were considered as type 2 diabetic rats, and rats with lower levels were excluded from the study.
Study design
After the disease induction phase, the study animals were divided randomly into seven equal groups of 10 rats each: Healthy control group receiving distilled water (HC); healthy control rats receiving 100 mg/kg of AP extract (HC.AP.100); diabetic control animals receiving distilled water (DC); diabetic rats receiving metformin (Shafa Pharmaceutical Co., Tehran, IRAN) dissolved in normal saline at a level of 10 mg/kg (DT.M.10); diabetic animals receiving 50 mg/kg of AP extract (DT.AP.50); diabetic rats receiving 100 mg/kg of AP extract (DT.AP.100) and diabetic animals receiving 200 mg/kg of AP extract (DT.AP.200). All administrations were conducted by oral gavage at a specific time of the day for 6 weeks.
Blood biochemical measurements
At the end of the experiment, the rats were fasting for 12 hours. They were then euthanized in a container pre-filled with 70% carbon dioxide (CO2) gas, which according to prior research, was a standard and secure technique for euthanizing experimental animals (Conlee et al., 2005). 5 ml of blood was taken by a disposable syringe injected directly into the heart and centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 10 min to separate the serum. All the serum samples were kept in sterile micro-centrifuge tubes at −80 °C until the study parameters were evaluated. An ELISA kit (Zelbio, Germany) was used to determine the serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentrations. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured spectrophotometrically with the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) method (Kalaivanam et al., 2006). At last, the concentration of serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was assessed using the ELISA kit (IBL International, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
Ethical considerations
The protocol of the study was confirmed by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC) of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (Shiraz, Iran), following the NIH guidelines for the care and use of animals (NIH publication NO. 85-23, revised in 1996).
Data analysis
All Statistical analyses were done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (version 23.0; SPSS Inc). For each variable, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess the normal distribution of the data. One-way ANOVA test was used for comparing the variables between groups, and Tukey test was used for pairwise comparisons. P-values<0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.
Results
The alterations in serum concentrations of the oxidative stress parameters after six weeks of intervention have been reported in Table 1. As the table depicts, the amount of serum MDA (P=0.02), and TNF-α (P=0.002) were significantly increased, while the SOD concentration (P=0.04) was notably reduced in the DC group in comparison with that of the HC group. By the end of the experiment, compared to the DC group, a significant decrease was detected in the level of MDA and TNF-α, along with an enhancement of SOD concentration in all rats treated by metformin and AP (All P<0.001). Meanwhile, compared to the DT.M.10, DT.AP.50 and DT.AP.100 treatments, the DT.AP.200 group showed significantly higher improvement in serum TNF-α concentration (P=0.04, P=0.003, and P=0.003, respectively).
Discussion
The results of the present study provided clinical evidence that the consumption of AP in the form of its hydroalcoholic extract may lead to the improvement of oxidative stress indicators in experimental diabetic rats.
The use of herbal medicine has been globally considered to control and also treat different diseases (Ryan et al., 2001). Reports on diabetic patients showed that one-third of diabetic patients use herbal remedies and consider these agents to be effective and satisfactory (Ryan et al., 2001, Vats et al., 2002).
| Table 1. Serum oxidative and inflammatory parameters after six weeks of intervention. | ||||||||
| Groups | HC | HC.AP.100 | DC | DT.M.10 | DT.AP.50 | DT.AP.100 | DT.AP.200 | P-value* |
| SOD (µmol/ml) | 39.13 ± 17.71a | 39.64 ± 17.87a | 37.10 ± 17.85b | 43.54 ± 17.81c | 41.85 ± 16.20c | 42.38 ± 17.37c | 43.01 ± 16.52c | 0.002 |
| MDA (mmol/l) | 3.90 ± 0.15a | 3.76 ± 0.21a |
4.77 ± 0.22b | 3.18 ± 0.26c | 3.49 ± 0.51c | 3.34 ± 0.53c |
3.11 ± 0.15c |
<0.001 |
| TNF-α (ng/ml) | 182.62 ± 17.11a | 182.23 ± 19.08a | 217.00 ± 20.09b | 168.50 ± 19.25c | 173.71 ± 22.74c | 171.43 ± 21.67c | 159.18 ± 20.58d | 0.004 |
| HC: Healthy control, DC: Diabetic control, DT: Diabetic treatment, M: metformin, AP: Allium Porrum, SOD: Superoxide dismutase, MAD: malondialdehyde, TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha, *: Obtained from One-way ANOVA, P-values<0.05 were considered to be statistically significant, Data expressed as Mean ± SD. In each row, figures bearing different superscripts are significantly different at P<0.05 (Tukey's test). | ||||||||
Various factors are known to be involved regarding the production of free radicals and the occurrence of oxidative stress in diabetic patients. Hyperglycemia is among the most important risk factors, which can increase the oxidation of glucose and lead to the production of free radicals (Qing et al., 2018). Hypoglycemic effects of Allium species have been reported in several studies. It has been documented that AP phytochemicals, including saponin, sapogenin, and quercetin, which have high potential antioxidant properties, may act as one of the main underlying mechanisms regarding the inhibition of gluconeogenesis, and consequently, glycemic control (Mansour et al., 2002, Radovanović et al., 2015). On the other hand, increased insulin secretion and higher peripheral glucose uptake are among other mechanisms proposed for the effects of AP in order to reduce blood glucose concentrations (Belemkar et al., 2013). In addition, low levels of antioxidants including ascorbate, glutathione peroxidase and SOD have been detected in diabetic patients which can accelerate the production of pre-inflammatory cytokines in body (Zeng et al., 2017). These cytokines are able to stimulate inflammatory cascade activities in pancreatic beta cells, leading to increased pancreatic beta cells death and inhibition of insulin secretion (Elhagrasi et al., 2019, Vats et al., 2002). In 2011, Adão CR et al. (Adão et al., 2011) conducted an experimental study regarding the anti-inflammatory effects of AP in rats. The researchers reported that pro-inflammatory cytokines in the treated rats were significantly decreased compared to the control group, which were in agreement with the results of the current study. Previous investigations demonstrated that saponins, alkaloids, tannins, and quinine acids in plants such as AP may reveal anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties due to improvement in the balance between oxidants and systemic antioxidants in body (Fattorusso et al., 2001, Kleijnen et al., 1989). Therefore, reducing the concentration of inflammatory factors in diabetic patients may be an effective therapeutic goal in health care services (Rochette et al., 2014).
The limitations of the present study should be taken into account when interpreting the findings. Due to the limited funding, the authors could not evaluate other valuable inflammatory biomarkers such as serum interleukin-1 and interleukin-6. Therefore, future well-designed investigations are required to elucidate other favorable effects of AP consumption in patients with T2D.
Conclusion
Data showed that the use of AP extract for six weeks may have supportive effects on oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in T2D-induced rat models.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
Authors’ contribution
All authors read and approved the manuscript. Najafi N was involved with original drafting, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, software, visualization, review and editing; Masoumi SJ carried out conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, methodology, project administration, supervision, validation, visualization, original draft, review, and editing; Nekooeian AA did supervision, data curation, formal analysis, visualization, review, and editing; Tanideh N performed methodology, formal analysis, validation, visualization,
review, and editing; Babajafari S was involved
with methodology, data curation, validation, visualization, review and editing; Khosravi-Boroujeni H, Maayeshi N, and Sherafatmanesh S carried out methodology, data curation, validation, visualization, review, and editing.
Conflict of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interests.
Funding
This study was granted by Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
References
Adão CR, da Silva BP & Parente JP 2011. A new steroidal saponin with antiinflammatory and antiulcerogenic properties from the bulbs of Allium ampeloprasum var. porrum. Fitoterapia. 82 (8): 1175-1180.
Al-Snafi AE 2013. Pharmacological effects of Allium species grown in Iraq. An overview. International journal of pharmaceutical and health care research. 1 (4): 132-147.
Aslan M, Orhan N, Orhan DD & Ergun F 2010. Hypoglycemic activity and antioxidant potential of some medicinal plants traditionally used in Turkey for diabetes. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 128 (2): 384-389.
Belemkar S, Dhameliya K & Pata MK 2013. Comparative study of garlic species (Allium sativum and Allium porrum) on glucose uptake in diabetic rats. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences. 8 (2): 80-85.
Benedé S, Gradillas A, Villalba M & Batanero E 2019. Allium porrum extract decreases effector cell degranulation and modulates airway epithelial cell function. Nutrients. 11 (6): 1303.
Conlee K, Stephens M, Rowan AN & King LA 2005. Carbon dioxide for euthanasia: concerns regarding pain and distress, with special reference to mice and rats. Laboratory animals. 39 (2): 137-161.
Dilworth L, Facey A & Omoruyi F 2021. Diabetes mellitus and its metabolic complications: the role of adipose tissues. International journal of molecular sciences. 22 (14): 7644.
El-Shenawy S, Yassin N, Badary OA, EL-Moneem MA & AL-Shafeiy HM 2013. Study of the effect of Allium porrum on osteoporosis induced in rats. Der pharmacia lettre. 5 (1): 188-198.
Elhagrasi A, Mahmoud A, Foda D, Ibrahim N & Yousef O 2019. Secondary metabolites and biological activities of Allium porrum L. in attacking Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice. Egyptian journal of chemistry. 62 (Special Issue (Part 1) Innovation in Chemistry): 211-227.
Fattorusso E, Lanzotti V, Taglialatela-Scafati O & Cicala C 2001. The flavonoids of leek, Allium porrum. Phytochemistry. 57 (4): 565-569.
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Kazemi S, et al. 2010. Liver-protective effects of hydroalcoholic extract of allium hirtifolium boiss. In rats with alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus. ARYA atherosclerosis. 6 (1): 11.
Keusgen M 2002. Health and Alliums. CABJ digital library.
Kleijnen J, Knipschild P & Ter Riet G 1989. Garlic, onions and cardiovascular risk factors. A review of the evidence from human experiments with emphasis on commercially available preparations [see comments]. British journal of clinical pharmacology. 28 (5): 535-544.
Koca I & Tasci B 2015. Mineral composition of leek. In VII International Symposium on Edible Alliaceae 1143, pp. 147-152.
Kovarovič J, et al. 2021. The influence of variety on the content of total polyphenols and antioxidant activity in leek (Allium porrum L.). Journal of microbiology, biotechnology and food sciences. 2021: 1072-1075.
Mansour HA, Newairy A-SA, Yousef M & Sheweita S 2002. Biochemical study on the effects of some Egyptian herbs in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Toxicology. 170 (3): 221-228.
Movahedian A, Sadeghi H, Ghannadi A, Gharavi M & Azarpajooh S 2006. Hypolipidemic activity of Allium porrum L. in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Journal of medicinal food. 9 (1): 98-101.
Qing Q, Weiguo G, Hairong N, Feng N & Regzedmaa N 2018. Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes.
Radovanović B, Mladenović J, Radovanović A, Pavlović R & Nikolić V 2015. Phenolic composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activites of Allium porrum L.(Serbia) extracts. Journal of food and nutrition research. 3 (9): 564-569.
Rochette L, Zeller M, Cottin Y & Vergely C 2014. Diabetes, oxidative stress and therapeutic strategies. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-General Subjects. 1840 (9): 2709-2729.
Ryan E, Pick M & Marceau C 2001. Use of alternative medicines in diabetes mellitus. Diabetic medicine. 18 (3): 242-245.
Sanders RA, Rauscher FM & Watkins III JB 2001. Effects of quercetin on antioxidant defense in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats. Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology. 15 (3): 143-149.
Sherafatmanesh S, Mahmoodi M, Mazloom Z & Hejazi N 2019. The Effect of Vitamin E and Vitamin C on Quality of Life in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Single-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial. Jundishapur journal of natural pharmaceutical products. 14 (4).
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The limitations of the present study should be taken into account when interpreting the findings. Due to the limited funding, the authors could not evaluate other valuable inflammatory biomarkers such as serum interleukin-1 and interleukin-6. Therefore, future well-designed investigations are required to elucidate other favorable effects of AP consumption in patients with T2D.
Conclusion
Data showed that the use of AP extract for six weeks may have supportive effects on oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in T2D-induced rat models.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
Authors’ contribution
All authors read and approved the manuscript. Najafi N was involved with original drafting, data curation, formal analysis, investigation, software, visualization, review and editing; Masoumi SJ carried out conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, methodology, project administration, supervision, validation, visualization, original draft, review, and editing; Nekooeian AA did supervision, data curation, formal analysis, visualization, review, and editing; Tanideh N performed methodology, formal analysis, validation, visualization,
review, and editing; Babajafari S was involved
with methodology, data curation, validation, visualization, review and editing; Khosravi-Boroujeni H, Maayeshi N, and Sherafatmanesh S carried out methodology, data curation, validation, visualization, review, and editing.
Conflict of interest
The authors declared no conflict of interests.
Funding
This study was granted by Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
References
Adão CR, da Silva BP & Parente JP 2011. A new steroidal saponin with antiinflammatory and antiulcerogenic properties from the bulbs of Allium ampeloprasum var. porrum. Fitoterapia. 82 (8): 1175-1180.
Al-Snafi AE 2013. Pharmacological effects of Allium species grown in Iraq. An overview. International journal of pharmaceutical and health care research. 1 (4): 132-147.
Aslan M, Orhan N, Orhan DD & Ergun F 2010. Hypoglycemic activity and antioxidant potential of some medicinal plants traditionally used in Turkey for diabetes. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 128 (2): 384-389.
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Received: 2023/10/7 | Published: 2024/11/20 | ePublished: 2024/11/20
Received: 2023/10/7 | Published: 2024/11/20 | ePublished: 2024/11/20
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