en public specific letter to the editor <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:115%"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">The Arbaeen pilgrimage, one of the largest religious gatherings, exposes millions of participants to extreme physical and environmental challenges </span></span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"></span></span></span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"></span></span></span><span lang="AR-SA" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">(</span></span></span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">Yousefi and Hasani, 2024)</span></span></span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">. Among the most pressing health concerns is heat exhaustion, caused by prolonged exposure to high temperatures, physical exertion, and inadequate fluid intake. While environmental factors contribute to this condition, proper hydration and nutrition play a crucial role in mitigating risks </span></span></span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"></span></span></span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">(Moulaei<i> et al.</i>, 2024)</span></span></span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">. This letter highlights the importance of hydration and nutrition in preventing heat exhaustion among Arbaeen pilgrims and proposes practical interventions to enhance their safety.&nbsp; </span></span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> &nbsp; heat exhaustion, hydration Status, nutrition, Arbaeen pilgrims, mass gatherings 484 485 http://jnfs.ssu.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-123-39&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Ameneh Marzban amenemarzban@yahoo.com 0000-0002-8111-3319 Yes Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.