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Marzban A, Rahmanian V, Shirdeli M, Jafari F, Barzegaran M. The Effect of Education on Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of the Catering Staffs about Food Hygiene and Safety in Yazd City. JNFS 2020; 5 (3) :266-273
URL: http://jnfs.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-296-en.html
URL: http://jnfs.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-296-en.html
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
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The Effect of Education on Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of the Catering Staffs about Food Hygiene and Safety in Yazd City
Ameneh Marzban; MSc1, Vahid Rahmanian; PhD2, Mehrnoosh Shirdeli; MSc3,Fatemeh Jafari; MSc4 & Mehran Barzegaran; BSc*5
Ameneh Marzban; MSc1, Vahid Rahmanian; PhD2, Mehrnoosh Shirdeli; MSc3,Fatemeh Jafari; MSc4 & Mehran Barzegaran; BSc*5
1 Department of Human Ecology, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
2 Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.
3 Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
4 Razi Clinical Research Development Unit, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
5 Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.
2 Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.
3 Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
4 Razi Clinical Research Development Unit, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
5 Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.
| ARTICLE INFO | ABSTRACT | |
| ORIGINAL ARTICLE | Background: Millions of people worldwide suffer from foodborne diseases every year. So, these diseases are recognized as one of the most common problems worldwide. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of education on knowledge, attitude, and practice of catering staffs about food hygiene and safety in Yazd City, Iran. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted among 55 employees of catering in Yazd in 2018. The cluster random sampling method was applied to select the participants. Data collection tool was a questionnaire containing four parts of demographic, knowledge, attitude, and practice data. Prior to the intervention, all participants were asked to complete the questionnaire. Later, they were provided with the necessary training for 8 hours in four consecutive weeks. Two months after the intervention, the participants were asked to complete the same questionnaire again. Results: The mean score of before and after the intervention of the participants' knowledge, attitude, and practice were 19.32 ± 3.15, 22.69 ± 4.99, 13.20 ± 1.74, 25.07 ± 3.51, 35.21 ± 2.64 and 17.40 ± 3.48, respectively. prior to and after the intervention, respectively. Based on the findings, the participants' mean score of knowledge, attitude, and practice increased significantly after the educational course (P < 0.05). A significant difference was also observed between the mean scores of practice and work experience before and after the intervention (P < 0.05). Conclusions: According to the results, the educational content should be revised and implementation of the acquired knowledge should be improved in order to achieve the desired level of knowledge, attitude, and practice. In addition, education on food hygiene should be continuous and meticulously planned. Keywords: Education; Knowledge; Attitude; Practice; Food safety; Catering |
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| Article history: Received: 2 Jan 2020 Revised: 15 Apr 2020 Accepted: 15 Apr 2020 |
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| *Corresponding author: MBarzegaran.2017@gmail.com Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran. Postal code: 74616-86688 Tel: +98- 9030727015 |
Introduction
Nowadays, food hygiene and safety play an important role in protecting human health and preventing diseases (Célérier and Vallée, 2017, Derakhshan et al., 2018). Food hygiene includes kitchen, individuals, utensils, storage, packing, food distribution, and food borne diseases' hygiene (Falasconi et al., 2015). These problems are recognized as the most common challenges in the food industry, since they cause millions of foodborne diseases worldwide each year (Fusi et al., 2016). Foodborne transmissible diseases indicate the prevalence of public health problems in both developing and developed countries, but they have a greater impact on the developing countries (Jahed et al., 2016, Marzban et al., 2019a). The World Health Organization (WHO) has introduced foodborne illnesses as the most important health problems in the contemporary world (Kate et al., 2014, Rezaee et al., 2018). Many infectious as well as some non-communicable diseases can be transmitted to humans through water and food, some of which cause high mortality and may affect a wide range of society in a short period of time (Marzban et al., 2019b).
The human health issue is often investigated by food hygiene and safety through food safety frameworks. It should be noted that food hygiene factors can be effective in all stages of food preparation from production to consumption (Loring and Gerlach, 2009). In less developed countries, large numbers of people are poisoned due to the lack of hygiene awareness and unsanitary food storage. The prevalence of foodborne illnesses is high in the developing and developed countries (Drew and Clydesdale, 2015, Kamadjeu, 2017). Evidence suggests that most foodborne diseases are caused by microorganisms. Outbreaks of such diseases endanger the lives of many people each year and cause social and economic problems, especially in the developing countries (Mullan et al., 2015, Rothbart, 2016).
Consumers' concerns about food hygiene and safety are growing. Based on a U.S. study, approximately 48 million foodborne illnesses occur annually, which engage about 128,000 hospitalizations and cause 3,000 deaths. Among all foodborne diseases, 9.4 million cases are caused by 31 types of the microbial agents in food and 38.4 million others are due to other indeterminate factors (Centers for Disease Control Prevention, 2011). According to the WHO's estimate in 2017, approximately 2 million people died from diarrhea, which was mostly caused by drinks and foods (Arif and Ahmad, 2011). Food poisoning places a heavy burden on the health and economic system of countries. The cost-per-case of this disease is estimated from $ 1626 to 1068 based on two different study models (the disease costing model and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) (Scharff, 2012).
In this regard, the catering staff are required to become aware of the importance of food hygiene and safety. They need to know about the risks that some foods or practices may cause to their health. In order to reduce food poisoning in the community, food producers should be provided with information about food safety (Hislop and Shaw, 2009). Exposure of asymptomatic infected people with the food items is very dangerous (Eslami et al., 2015). Although most people have an acceptable knowledge in the field of health, their knowledge about the key role of microbial contamination is insufficient (Ansari-Lari et al., 2010). Since many food workers have inadequate levels of health information, continuous and periodic training is required in this industry (Çakıroğlu and Uçar, 2008). Moreover, the sharp difference between people's awareness and health behavior can lead to outbreaks of food poisoning (Finch and Daniel, 2005).
In order to evaluate the training provided to the catering staffs, we investigated the effect of education on knowledge, attitude, and practice of catering staffs with regard to food hygiene and safety in Yazd city.
Materials and Methods
Participants and design: The present quasi-experimental study was carried out in Yazd in 2018. The cluster random sampling method was applied and 5 catering companies were selected randomly from the total of 15 in Yazd city. At the end, census method was applied and 45 employees were selected from these 5 companies.
Measurements: Data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire. Its validity was confirmed by 6 experts in health education, nutrition, and food hygiene and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha index (0.82). The questionnaire consisted of 3 parts. Demographic characteristics consisted of information about the participants' age, gender, education, work experience. Knowledge questions consisted of 29 items that should be answered on a 3-point Likert scale, where the correct answer received one point and the wrong answer got zero point. These items were about foodborne disease, ways to get food poisoning, personal hygiene, utensils, storage, packing, and distribution. Attitude questions consisted of 10 items that should be answered on a five-point Likert scale. Attitude questions dealt with the importance of personal hygiene, kitchen, utensils, and food poisoning. Practice questions consisted of 17 items, where correct answers received 1 score and false responses got no score. Questions were about how to prevent food poisoning, adherence to the principles of personal hygiene, utensils, storage, packing, and distribution.
The obtainable scores by each individual in the dimensions of knowledge, attitude, and practice could be within the ranges of 0-29, 10-50, and 0-17, respectively. Participants' awareness scores of below 10, 10-20, and higher than 20 showed poor, moderate, and good levels of awareness in, respectively. In the attitude section, scores of lower than 17, 17-34, and higher than 34 represented poor, moderate, and good levels of attitudes. In the practice section, scores of less than 7, 7-14, and higher than 14 indicated poor, moderate, and good levels of practice in participants.
Prior to the intervention, all participants were asked to complete the questionnaire. Later, they were provided with the necessary training by a food hygiene expert for 8 hours in four consecutive weeks. Two months after the intervention, the participants were asked to complete the same questionnaire again. The training program included principles such as kitchen hygiene, personal hygiene, utensils, storage, packing, food distribution, and foodborne diseases.
Individuals with the following criteria could enter the study: working in caterings canters of Yazd and attending the program until the end of the study. Exclusion criteria were lack of participation in training program. Prior to the study, all participants were explained about the study procedure and goals. As a result, individuals who were willing to participate in the study were included.
Data analysis: The data were coded and analyzed in SPSS 24 using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and paired t-test. Significance level was set at 0.05.
Ethical considerations: This study is derived from a research project No. 4427 in the Student Research Committee of Yazd Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. The study was ethically approved under the code number of Ir.ssu.rec.1396.97.
Results
The staff's mean age was 49.37 ± 9.89 years. Of the staff, 37 (67.30%) were male 23 (41.80%) were in the age range of 30-40 years, 16 (29.10%) had diploma, and 27 (49.10%) had less than 10 years of work experience. A significant difference was observed between mean score of the practice variable and work experience (P = 0.01) (Table 1).
A significant difference was observed between the mean score of practice and work experience (P < 0.001) (Table 2).
As Table 3 shows, the intervention was effective on knowledge, attitude, and practice of the staff. The paired t-test showed a significant difference between the participants' knowledge, attitude, and practice before and after the intervention in the experimental group.
The human health issue is often investigated by food hygiene and safety through food safety frameworks. It should be noted that food hygiene factors can be effective in all stages of food preparation from production to consumption (Loring and Gerlach, 2009). In less developed countries, large numbers of people are poisoned due to the lack of hygiene awareness and unsanitary food storage. The prevalence of foodborne illnesses is high in the developing and developed countries (Drew and Clydesdale, 2015, Kamadjeu, 2017). Evidence suggests that most foodborne diseases are caused by microorganisms. Outbreaks of such diseases endanger the lives of many people each year and cause social and economic problems, especially in the developing countries (Mullan et al., 2015, Rothbart, 2016).
Consumers' concerns about food hygiene and safety are growing. Based on a U.S. study, approximately 48 million foodborne illnesses occur annually, which engage about 128,000 hospitalizations and cause 3,000 deaths. Among all foodborne diseases, 9.4 million cases are caused by 31 types of the microbial agents in food and 38.4 million others are due to other indeterminate factors (Centers for Disease Control Prevention, 2011). According to the WHO's estimate in 2017, approximately 2 million people died from diarrhea, which was mostly caused by drinks and foods (Arif and Ahmad, 2011). Food poisoning places a heavy burden on the health and economic system of countries. The cost-per-case of this disease is estimated from $ 1626 to 1068 based on two different study models (the disease costing model and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) (Scharff, 2012).
In this regard, the catering staff are required to become aware of the importance of food hygiene and safety. They need to know about the risks that some foods or practices may cause to their health. In order to reduce food poisoning in the community, food producers should be provided with information about food safety (Hislop and Shaw, 2009). Exposure of asymptomatic infected people with the food items is very dangerous (Eslami et al., 2015). Although most people have an acceptable knowledge in the field of health, their knowledge about the key role of microbial contamination is insufficient (Ansari-Lari et al., 2010). Since many food workers have inadequate levels of health information, continuous and periodic training is required in this industry (Çakıroğlu and Uçar, 2008). Moreover, the sharp difference between people's awareness and health behavior can lead to outbreaks of food poisoning (Finch and Daniel, 2005).
In order to evaluate the training provided to the catering staffs, we investigated the effect of education on knowledge, attitude, and practice of catering staffs with regard to food hygiene and safety in Yazd city.
Materials and Methods
Participants and design: The present quasi-experimental study was carried out in Yazd in 2018. The cluster random sampling method was applied and 5 catering companies were selected randomly from the total of 15 in Yazd city. At the end, census method was applied and 45 employees were selected from these 5 companies.
Measurements: Data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire. Its validity was confirmed by 6 experts in health education, nutrition, and food hygiene and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha index (0.82). The questionnaire consisted of 3 parts. Demographic characteristics consisted of information about the participants' age, gender, education, work experience. Knowledge questions consisted of 29 items that should be answered on a 3-point Likert scale, where the correct answer received one point and the wrong answer got zero point. These items were about foodborne disease, ways to get food poisoning, personal hygiene, utensils, storage, packing, and distribution. Attitude questions consisted of 10 items that should be answered on a five-point Likert scale. Attitude questions dealt with the importance of personal hygiene, kitchen, utensils, and food poisoning. Practice questions consisted of 17 items, where correct answers received 1 score and false responses got no score. Questions were about how to prevent food poisoning, adherence to the principles of personal hygiene, utensils, storage, packing, and distribution.
The obtainable scores by each individual in the dimensions of knowledge, attitude, and practice could be within the ranges of 0-29, 10-50, and 0-17, respectively. Participants' awareness scores of below 10, 10-20, and higher than 20 showed poor, moderate, and good levels of awareness in, respectively. In the attitude section, scores of lower than 17, 17-34, and higher than 34 represented poor, moderate, and good levels of attitudes. In the practice section, scores of less than 7, 7-14, and higher than 14 indicated poor, moderate, and good levels of practice in participants.
Prior to the intervention, all participants were asked to complete the questionnaire. Later, they were provided with the necessary training by a food hygiene expert for 8 hours in four consecutive weeks. Two months after the intervention, the participants were asked to complete the same questionnaire again. The training program included principles such as kitchen hygiene, personal hygiene, utensils, storage, packing, food distribution, and foodborne diseases.
Individuals with the following criteria could enter the study: working in caterings canters of Yazd and attending the program until the end of the study. Exclusion criteria were lack of participation in training program. Prior to the study, all participants were explained about the study procedure and goals. As a result, individuals who were willing to participate in the study were included.
Data analysis: The data were coded and analyzed in SPSS 24 using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and paired t-test. Significance level was set at 0.05.
Ethical considerations: This study is derived from a research project No. 4427 in the Student Research Committee of Yazd Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. The study was ethically approved under the code number of Ir.ssu.rec.1396.97.
Results
The staff's mean age was 49.37 ± 9.89 years. Of the staff, 37 (67.30%) were male 23 (41.80%) were in the age range of 30-40 years, 16 (29.10%) had diploma, and 27 (49.10%) had less than 10 years of work experience. A significant difference was observed between mean score of the practice variable and work experience (P = 0.01) (Table 1).
A significant difference was observed between the mean score of practice and work experience (P < 0.001) (Table 2).
As Table 3 shows, the intervention was effective on knowledge, attitude, and practice of the staff. The paired t-test showed a significant difference between the participants' knowledge, attitude, and practice before and after the intervention in the experimental group.
| Table 1. Frequency distribution and mean (± SD) of the staff's knowledge, attitude, and practice according to demographic variables before intervention | ||||
| Variables | N (%) | Knowledge | Attitude | Practice |
| Age (year) < 30 |
12 (21.80) |
39.75 ± 5.02 |
20.83 ± 4.30 |
11.75 ± 0.86 |
| 30-40 | 23 (41.80) | 39.69 ± 6.39 | 22.82 ± 4.26 | 11.08 ± 1.99 |
| 40-50 | 13 (23.60) | 40.76 ± 5.03 | 24.92 ± 6.17 | 10.69 ± 2.09 |
| 50 < | 7 (12.70) | 42.28 ± 5.52 | 21.18 ± 5.25 | 11.57 ± 1.13 |
| P-valuea | 0.73 | 0.18 | .04 | |
| Gender Male |
18 (33.70) |
40.94 ± 5.23 |
22.43 ± 5.42 |
11.08 ± 1.92 |
| Female | 37 (67.30) | 38.94 ± 6.29 | 23.22 ± 4.03 | 11.44 ± 1.33 |
| P-value | 0.21 | 0.54 | 0.42 | |
| Education level Illiterate |
6 (10.90) |
42.00 ± 6.00 |
24.33 ± 4.45 |
10.00 ± 2.89 |
| Secondary school | 10 (18.20) | 40.90 ± 4.84 | 22.10 ± 6.17 | 11.30 ± 1.63 |
| High school | 14 (25.50) | 39.35 ± 6.03 | 22.21 ± 5.25 | 11.64 ± 0.92 |
| Diploma | 16 (29.10) | 39.68 ± 2.03 | 21.87 ± 3.84 | 11.43 ± 1.62 |
| Academic | 9 (16.40) | 41.00 ± 4.84 | 24.44 ± 7.25 | 10.77 ± 0.86 |
| P-value | 0.85 | 0.66 | 0.34 | |
| Work experience (year) < 10 |
27 (49.10) |
39.85 ± 5.59 |
19.59 ± 4.69 |
11.51 ± 1.22 |
| 10-20 | 18 (23.70) | 41.16 ± 5.40 | 24.72 ± 4.98 | 5.27 ± 2.44 |
| 20 < | 10 (18.20) | 39.90 ± 6.47 | 23.30 ± 4.24 | 12.00 ± 0.01 |
| P-value | 0.73 | 0.07 | 0.01 | |
| a: ANOVA test | ||||
| Table 2. Frequency distribution and mean (± SD) of staff's knowledge, attitude, and practice in terms of demographic variables after intervention | |||||||
| Variables | N (%) | Knowledge | Attitude | Practice | |||
| Age (year) < 30 |
12 (21.80) |
41.25 ± 3.38 |
35.16 ± 2.69 |
31.41 ± 4.52 |
|||
| 30-40 | 23 (41.80) | 40.65 ± 3.18 | 35.17 ± 2.67 | 31.73 ± 3.12 | |||
| 40-50 | 13 (23.60) | 42.53 ± 3.92 | 35.69 ± 2.75 | 30.61 ± 2.39 | |||
| 50 < | 7 (12.70) | 39.42 ± 3.64 | 34.57 ± 2.67 | 31.71 ± 4.75 | |||
| P-valuea | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.84 | ||||
| Gender Male |
18 (33.70) |
41.00 ± 3.52 |
22.43 ± 5.42 |
90.94 ± 3.67 |
|||
| Female | 37 (67.30) | 41.22 ± 3.57 | 23.22 ± 4.03 | 32.33 ± 2.93 | |||
| P-value | 0.82 | 0.54 | 0.42 | ||||
| Education level Illiterate |
6 (10.90) |
42.16 ± 3.18 |
34.83 ± 3.37 |
31.83 ± 5.07 |
|||
| Secondary school | 10 (18.20) | 39.10 ± 2.68 | 35.80 ± 2.57 | 31.40 ± 3.59 | |||
| High school | 14 (25.50) | 41.28 ± 3.62 | 35.21 ± 2.51 | 30.85 ± 2.31 | |||
| Diploma | 16 (29.10) | 41.37 ± 3.75 | 35.31 ± 2.84 | 31.73 ± 3.93 | |||
| Academic | 9 (16.40) | 41.66 ± 3.80 | 34.66 ± 2.50 | 32.00 ± 3.53 | |||
| P-value | 0.39 | 0.91 | 0.95 | ||||
| Work experience (year) < 10 |
27 (49.10) |
41.25 ± 3.13 |
19.59 ± 4.69 |
10.14 ± 3.72 |
|||
| 10-20 | 18 (23.70) | 40.61 ± 3.66 | 24.72 ± 4.98 | 13.66 ± 3.54 | |||
| 20 < | 10 (18.20) | 41.40 ± 4.42 | 23.30 ± 4.24 | 31.60 ± 2.91 | |||
| P-value | 0.79 | 0.07 | < 0.001 | ||||
| a: ANOVA test | |||||||
| Table 3. Comparison of mean (± SD) of staff's knowledge, attitude, and practice before and after the intervention | |||||||
| Variables | Before | After | P-valuea | ||||
| Knowledge | 19.32 ± 3.15 | 25.07 ± 3.51 | 0.007 | ||||
| Attitude | 22.69 ± 4.99 | 35.21 ± 2.64 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Practice | 13.20 ± 1.74 | 17.40 ± 3.48 | < 0.001 | ||||
| a: Paired t-test | |||||||
Discussion
The mean scores of the staff's knowledge about food hygiene were 19.32 ± 3.15 and 25.07 ± 3.51 before and after the intervention, respectively. This shows that the scores improved 5.75 scores. The results of this study were consistent with the findings of other studies (Eslami et al., 2015, Marzban et al., 2019b, Pirsaheb et al., 2010, Rezaee et al., 2018). Based on the findings, sufficient information and awareness is the first essential and key element in creating hygienic behaviors. Therefore, providing the food staff with the needed information is one of the most important strands in preventing foodborne illnesses in the society.
The mean scores of attitude toward food hygiene were 22.69 ± 4.99 and 35.21 ± 2.64 before and after the intervention, respectively. The results of the study by Marzban (Marzban et al., 2019b), Rezaei (Rezaee et al., 2018), Lee (Lee et al., 2017), and Fraser (Fraser and Simmons, 2017) were consistent with this study. However, our results were inconsistent with those of Jahed (Jahed et al., 2016), Singh (Singh et al., 2016), and Akabanda (Akabanda et al., 2017). Attitude, as the most prominent concept of social psychology, has a special place, so that having a positive attitude is a necessity for success in any profession. Without having appropriate levels of attitude and sensitivity to prevent foodborne illnesses, it is impossible to expect proper practice in preparation, distribution, and maintenance of food.
The mean scores of the staff practice in the field of food hygiene were 13.20 ± 1.74 and 17.40 ± 3.48 before and after the intervention, respectively. Our finding are in agreement with the results of the research conducted by Hazavehei (Hazavehei et al., 2015), Medeiros (Medeiros et al., 2001), and Zan (Zan et al., 2017). However, these findings contradicted with those reported by Scheib (Scheib et al., 2018) and Zhou (Zhou et al., 2016). The catering health is very important, because the smallest mistake can have dangerous consequences. Personal hygiene, public health, and the environment are important factors in food catering. Successful food companies are well aware that increased levels of hygiene improve satisfaction and productivity. Therefore, the good level of practice in employees of this sector is beneficial both to the health of the community and to the national economy.
A statistically significant difference was observed between the mean scores and standard deviations of practice and work experience before and after the intervention. This finding is in agreement with the results of the study by Zanin (Zanin et al., 2017) and Rossi (Rossi et al., 2017), but contradicted with the results reported by Ovca (Ovca et al., 2018) and Ismail (Ismail et al., 2016). Based on the findings of this study, increase of experience improves the individuals' practice. Therefore, it is recommended to use the experience of highly experienced staff in establishing the necessary training programs for the catering staff.
The mean and standard deviation of the participants' knowledge, attitude, and practice were significantly different before and after the intervention. This confirms the impact of food health education. Rezaee (Rezaee et al., 2018), Pirsaheb (Pirsaheb et al., 2010), Rezaei (Rezaee O et al., 2012), and Wang (Wang et al., 2015) showed that food health education was significantly effective in target groups, which is in agreement with the results of the present
study.
Conclusion
Food hygiene guarantees healthy eating and is a key element in proper nutrition. Despite the significant effect of education on knowledge, attitude, and practice of the staff, this level of knowledge, attitude, and practice was negligible due to the spent cost and time. Therefore, it is necessary to review the educational content and its implementation until it reaches the desired level. In this regard, is the authorities are recommended to continue the food hygiene education using educational aids and other training facilities in the catering centers. The educational contents should be designed in coordination with the health centers and the Food and Drug Administration.
Acknowledgments
We thank all the catering sttafs participating in this research.
Conflict of interest
There was no conflict of interest in this study.
Authors’ contributions
Marzban A and Rahmanian V participated to the conception and designing the study. Marzban A, Barzegaran M, and Shirdeli M participated to drafting of manuscript: Barzegaran M, Jafari F participated to data gathering and case selection. All authors read the manuscript and verified the final version of manuscript.
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Medeiros L, Hillers V, Kendall P & Mason A 2001. Evaluation of food safety education for consumers. Journal of Nutrition Education. 33: S27-S34.
Mullan B, Allom V, Sainsbury K & Monds LA 2015. Examining the predictive utility of an extended theory of planned behaviour model in the context of specific individual safe food-handling. Appetite. 1 (90): 91-98.
Ovca A, Jevšnik M, Kavčič M & Raspor P 2018. Food safety knowledge and attitudes among future professional food handlers. Food Control. 1 (84): 345-353.
Pirsaheb M, Almasi A & Rezaee M 2010. The special health education course effects on knowledge, attitude and practice of preparation, distribution and sale centers food staff in Kermanshah. Iranian Journal of Health and Environment. 3 (3): 299-308.
Rezaee H, Servat FL, Marzban H, Marzban A & Shirdeli M 2018. The impact of education on knowledge, attitude and practice about Food Poisoning in students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd. Iran. Toloo-e-behdasht. 17 (3): 39-51.
Rezaee O, Movadi M & M M 2012. Effects of Nutrition and Nutritional Health Education on Awareness of Female Elementary School Teachers, Ferdows, Iran. Health System Research. 7 (6): 1068-1074.
Rossi MdSC, Stedefeldt E, da Cunha DT & de Rosso VV 2017. Food safety knowledge, optimistic bias and risk perception among food handlers in institutional food services. Food Control. 1 (73): 681-688.
Rothbart MW 2016. The Financial Consequences of Education and Food Safety Policies on Local Budgets. New York University.
Scharff RL 2012. Economic burden from health losses due to foodborne illness in the United States. Journal of Food Protection. 75 (1): 123-131.
Scheib M, Buxbaum L & Moens Y 2018. Food safety and responsible education: a dedicated concept at the Veterinary Nurse School at the University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna. In Professionals in Food Chains, pp. 23-48. Wageningen Academic Publishers.
Singh AK, Dudeja P, Kaushal N & Mukherji S 2016. Impact of health education intervention on food safety and hygiene of street vendors: A pilot study. Medical Journal Armed Forces India. 72 (3): 265-269.
Wang D, Stewart D, Chang C & Shi Y 2015. Effect of a school-based nutrition education program on adolescents’ nutrition-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviour in rural areas of China. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine. 20 (4): 271.
Zan H, Lambea M, McDowell J & Scharff RL 2017. An Economic Evaluation of Food Safety Education Interventions: Estimates and Critical Data Gaps. Journal of Food Protection. 80 (8): 1355-1363.
Zanin LM, da Cunha DT, de Rosso VV, Capriles VD & Stedefeldt E 2017. Knowledge, attitudes and practices of food handlers in food safety: An integrative review. Food Research International. 1 (100): 53-62.
Zhou W-j, et al. 2016. Effectiveness of a school-based nutrition and food safety education program among primary and junior high school students in Chongqing, China. Global Health Promotion. 23 (1): 37-49.
The mean scores of the staff's knowledge about food hygiene were 19.32 ± 3.15 and 25.07 ± 3.51 before and after the intervention, respectively. This shows that the scores improved 5.75 scores. The results of this study were consistent with the findings of other studies (Eslami et al., 2015, Marzban et al., 2019b, Pirsaheb et al., 2010, Rezaee et al., 2018). Based on the findings, sufficient information and awareness is the first essential and key element in creating hygienic behaviors. Therefore, providing the food staff with the needed information is one of the most important strands in preventing foodborne illnesses in the society.
The mean scores of attitude toward food hygiene were 22.69 ± 4.99 and 35.21 ± 2.64 before and after the intervention, respectively. The results of the study by Marzban (Marzban et al., 2019b), Rezaei (Rezaee et al., 2018), Lee (Lee et al., 2017), and Fraser (Fraser and Simmons, 2017) were consistent with this study. However, our results were inconsistent with those of Jahed (Jahed et al., 2016), Singh (Singh et al., 2016), and Akabanda (Akabanda et al., 2017). Attitude, as the most prominent concept of social psychology, has a special place, so that having a positive attitude is a necessity for success in any profession. Without having appropriate levels of attitude and sensitivity to prevent foodborne illnesses, it is impossible to expect proper practice in preparation, distribution, and maintenance of food.
The mean scores of the staff practice in the field of food hygiene were 13.20 ± 1.74 and 17.40 ± 3.48 before and after the intervention, respectively. Our finding are in agreement with the results of the research conducted by Hazavehei (Hazavehei et al., 2015), Medeiros (Medeiros et al., 2001), and Zan (Zan et al., 2017). However, these findings contradicted with those reported by Scheib (Scheib et al., 2018) and Zhou (Zhou et al., 2016). The catering health is very important, because the smallest mistake can have dangerous consequences. Personal hygiene, public health, and the environment are important factors in food catering. Successful food companies are well aware that increased levels of hygiene improve satisfaction and productivity. Therefore, the good level of practice in employees of this sector is beneficial both to the health of the community and to the national economy.
A statistically significant difference was observed between the mean scores and standard deviations of practice and work experience before and after the intervention. This finding is in agreement with the results of the study by Zanin (Zanin et al., 2017) and Rossi (Rossi et al., 2017), but contradicted with the results reported by Ovca (Ovca et al., 2018) and Ismail (Ismail et al., 2016). Based on the findings of this study, increase of experience improves the individuals' practice. Therefore, it is recommended to use the experience of highly experienced staff in establishing the necessary training programs for the catering staff.
The mean and standard deviation of the participants' knowledge, attitude, and practice were significantly different before and after the intervention. This confirms the impact of food health education. Rezaee (Rezaee et al., 2018), Pirsaheb (Pirsaheb et al., 2010), Rezaei (Rezaee O et al., 2012), and Wang (Wang et al., 2015) showed that food health education was significantly effective in target groups, which is in agreement with the results of the present
study.
Conclusion
Food hygiene guarantees healthy eating and is a key element in proper nutrition. Despite the significant effect of education on knowledge, attitude, and practice of the staff, this level of knowledge, attitude, and practice was negligible due to the spent cost and time. Therefore, it is necessary to review the educational content and its implementation until it reaches the desired level. In this regard, is the authorities are recommended to continue the food hygiene education using educational aids and other training facilities in the catering centers. The educational contents should be designed in coordination with the health centers and the Food and Drug Administration.
Acknowledgments
We thank all the catering sttafs participating in this research.
Conflict of interest
There was no conflict of interest in this study.
Authors’ contributions
Marzban A and Rahmanian V participated to the conception and designing the study. Marzban A, Barzegaran M, and Shirdeli M participated to drafting of manuscript: Barzegaran M, Jafari F participated to data gathering and case selection. All authors read the manuscript and verified the final version of manuscript.
References
Akabanda F, Hlortsi EH & Owusu-Kwarteng J 2017. Food safety knowledge, attitudes and practices of institutional food-handlers in Ghana. BMC Public Health. 17 (1): 40.
Ansari-Lari M, Soodbakhsh S & Lakzadeh L 2010. Knowledge, attitudes and practices of workers on food hygienic practices in meat processing plants in Fars, Iran. Food Control. 21 (3): 260-263.
Arif S & Ahmad R 2011. Food quality standards in developing quality human capital: An Islamic perspective. African Journal of Business Management. 5 (31):12242-12248.
Çakıroğlu FP & Uçar A 2008. Employees’ perception of hygiene in the catering industry in Ankara (Turkey). Food Control. 19 (1): 9-15.
Célérier C & Vallée B 2017. Catering to investors through security design: Headline rate and complexity. Quarterly Journal of Economics. 132 (3): 1469-1508.
Centers for Disease Control Prevention 2011. CDC Estimates of Foodborne Illness in the United States,. In http://www. cdc. gov/ foodborne- burden/ 2011- foodborne- Stimates. html.
Derakhshan Z, et al. 2018. Data on heavy metal concentration in common carp fish consumed in Shiraz, Iran. Data in Brief. 21: 1890-1894.
Drew CA & Clydesdale FM 2015. New food safety law: effectiveness on the ground. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 55 (5): 689-700.
Eslami H, Marzban A, AkramiMohajeri F, Rezaei Z & Rafati Fard M 2015. Students' knowledge and attitude of hygiene and food safety at Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd, Iran. Journal of Community Health Research. 4 (3): 159-167.
Falasconi L, Vittuari M, Politano A & Segrè A 2015. Food waste in school catering: An Italian case study. Sustainability. 7 (11): 14745-14760.
Finch C & Daniel E 2005. Food safety knowledge and behavior of emergency food relief organization workers: effects of food safety training intervention. Journal of Environmental Health. 67 (9): 30-34.
Fraser AM & Simmons OD 2017. Food Safety Education: Training Farm Workers in the US Fresh Produce Sector. Sustainability Challenges in the Agrofood Sector. 22 (4): 643-659.
Fusi A, Guidetti R & Azapagic A 2016. Evaluation of environmental impacts in the catering sector: the case of pasta. Journal of Cleaner Production. 20 (122): 146-160.
Hazavehei SMM, Taheri M, Shirahmadi S & Rezaei N 2015. The Effect of Teaching Cooking Skills to Parents on Health Status of Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Journal of Education and Community Health. 2 (1): 58-69.
Hislop N & Shaw K 2009. Food safety knowledge retention study. Journal of Food Protection. 72 (2): 431-435.
Ismail FH, Chik CT, Muhammad R &
Yusoff NM 2016. Food safety knowledge and personal hygiene practices amongst mobile food handlers in Shah Alam, Selangor. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 222 (2016): 290-298.
Jahed G, Amoozad Khalili F, Mohammadi A & Jalali N 2016. Evaluation of knowledge and attitudes of housewives about health and safety of food in Behshahr city. Journal of Research in Environmental Health. 2 (2): 137-145.
Kamadjeu R 2017. Erratum: Food hygiene assessment in catering establishments in Hay Hassani district-Casablanca. Pan African Medical Journal. 28 (1): 25-37.
Kate K, Negi S & Kalagnanam J 2014. Monitoring food safety violation reports from internet forums. In MIE, pp. 1090-1094.
Lee H, Abdul Halim H, Thong K & Chai L 2017. Assessment of food safety knowledge, attitude, self-reported practices, and microbiological hand hygiene of food handlers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 14 (1): 55-60.
Loring PA & Gerlach SC 2009. Food, culture, and human health in Alaska: an integrative health approach to food security. Environmental Science & Policy. 12 (4): 466-478.
Marzban A, Nadjarzadeh A, Karimi-Nazari E & Barzegaran M 2019a. Correlation between Religiosity and Nutritional Behavior in Students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd. Journal of Nutrition and Food Security. 4 (4): 256-262.
Marzban A, Rahmanian V, Shirdeli M, Barzegaran M & Baharinya S 2019b. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice about Food Hygiene and Safety among Food Catering Staff in Yazd. Toloo-e-behdasht. 18 (3): 57-68.
Medeiros L, Hillers V, Kendall P & Mason A 2001. Evaluation of food safety education for consumers. Journal of Nutrition Education. 33: S27-S34.
Mullan B, Allom V, Sainsbury K & Monds LA 2015. Examining the predictive utility of an extended theory of planned behaviour model in the context of specific individual safe food-handling. Appetite. 1 (90): 91-98.
Ovca A, Jevšnik M, Kavčič M & Raspor P 2018. Food safety knowledge and attitudes among future professional food handlers. Food Control. 1 (84): 345-353.
Pirsaheb M, Almasi A & Rezaee M 2010. The special health education course effects on knowledge, attitude and practice of preparation, distribution and sale centers food staff in Kermanshah. Iranian Journal of Health and Environment. 3 (3): 299-308.
Rezaee H, Servat FL, Marzban H, Marzban A & Shirdeli M 2018. The impact of education on knowledge, attitude and practice about Food Poisoning in students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd. Iran. Toloo-e-behdasht. 17 (3): 39-51.
Rezaee O, Movadi M & M M 2012. Effects of Nutrition and Nutritional Health Education on Awareness of Female Elementary School Teachers, Ferdows, Iran. Health System Research. 7 (6): 1068-1074.
Rossi MdSC, Stedefeldt E, da Cunha DT & de Rosso VV 2017. Food safety knowledge, optimistic bias and risk perception among food handlers in institutional food services. Food Control. 1 (73): 681-688.
Rothbart MW 2016. The Financial Consequences of Education and Food Safety Policies on Local Budgets. New York University.
Scharff RL 2012. Economic burden from health losses due to foodborne illness in the United States. Journal of Food Protection. 75 (1): 123-131.
Scheib M, Buxbaum L & Moens Y 2018. Food safety and responsible education: a dedicated concept at the Veterinary Nurse School at the University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna. In Professionals in Food Chains, pp. 23-48. Wageningen Academic Publishers.
Singh AK, Dudeja P, Kaushal N & Mukherji S 2016. Impact of health education intervention on food safety and hygiene of street vendors: A pilot study. Medical Journal Armed Forces India. 72 (3): 265-269.
Wang D, Stewart D, Chang C & Shi Y 2015. Effect of a school-based nutrition education program on adolescents’ nutrition-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviour in rural areas of China. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine. 20 (4): 271.
Zan H, Lambea M, McDowell J & Scharff RL 2017. An Economic Evaluation of Food Safety Education Interventions: Estimates and Critical Data Gaps. Journal of Food Protection. 80 (8): 1355-1363.
Zanin LM, da Cunha DT, de Rosso VV, Capriles VD & Stedefeldt E 2017. Knowledge, attitudes and practices of food handlers in food safety: An integrative review. Food Research International. 1 (100): 53-62.
Zhou W-j, et al. 2016. Effectiveness of a school-based nutrition and food safety education program among primary and junior high school students in Chongqing, China. Global Health Promotion. 23 (1): 37-49.
Type of article: orginal article |
Subject:
public specific
Received: 2020/01/2 | Published: 2020/07/27 | ePublished: 2020/07/27
Received: 2020/01/2 | Published: 2020/07/27 | ePublished: 2020/07/27
References
1. Akabanda F, Hlortsi EH & Owusu-Kwarteng J 2017. Food safety knowledge, attitudes and practices of institutional food-handlers in Ghana. BMC Public Health. 17 (1): 40.
2. Ansari-Lari M, Soodbakhsh S & Lakzadeh L 2010. Knowledge, attitudes and practices of workers on food hygienic practices in meat processing plants in Fars, Iran. Food Control. 21 (3): 260-263.
3. Arif S & Ahmad R 2011. Food quality standards in developing quality human capital: An Islamic perspective. African Journal of Business Management. 5 (31):12242-12248.
4. Çakıroğlu FP & Uçar A 2008. Employees’ perception of hygiene in the catering industry in Ankara (Turkey). Food Control. 19 (1): 9-15.
5. Célérier C & Vallée B 2017. Catering to investors through security design: Headline rate and complexity. Quarterly Journal of Economics. 132 (3): 1469-1508.
6. Centers for Disease Control Prevention 2011. CDC Estimates of Foodborne Illness in the United States,. In http://www. cdc. gov/ foodborne- burden/ 2011- foodborne- Stimates. html.
7. Derakhshan Z, et al. 2018. Data on heavy metal concentration in common carp fish consumed in Shiraz, Iran. Data in Brief. 21: 1890-1894.
8. Drew CA & Clydesdale FM 2015. New food safety law: effectiveness on the ground. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 55 (5): 689-700.
9. Eslami H, Marzban A, AkramiMohajeri F, Rezaei Z & Rafati Fard M 2015. Students' knowledge and attitude of hygiene and food safety at Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd, Iran. Journal of Community Health Research. 4 (3): 159-167.
10. Falasconi L, Vittuari M, Politano A & Segrè A 2015. Food waste in school catering: An Italian case study. Sustainability. 7 (11): 14745-14760.
11. Finch C & Daniel E 2005. Food safety knowledge and behavior of emergency food relief organization workers: effects of food safety training intervention. Journal of Environmental Health. 67 (9): 30-34.
12. Fraser AM & Simmons OD 2017. Food Safety Education: Training Farm Workers in the US Fresh Produce Sector. Sustainability Challenges in the Agrofood Sector. 22 (4): 643-659.
13. Fusi A, Guidetti R & Azapagic A 2016. Evaluation of environmental impacts in the catering sector: the case of pasta. Journal of Cleaner Production. 20 (122): 146-160.
14. Hazavehei SMM, Taheri M, Shirahmadi S & Rezaei N 2015. The Effect of Teaching Cooking Skills to Parents on Health Status of Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Journal of Education and Community Health. 2 (1): 58-69.
15. Hislop N & Shaw K 2009. Food safety knowledge retention study. Journal of Food Protection. 72 (2): 431-435.Ismail FH, Chik CT, Muhammad R &
16. Yusoff NM 2016. Food safety knowledge and personal hygiene practices amongst mobile food handlers in Shah Alam, Selangor. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 222 (2016): 290-298.
17. Jahed G, Amoozad Khalili F, Mohammadi A & Jalali N 2016. Evaluation of knowledge and attitudes of housewives about health and safety of food in Behshahr city. Journal of Research in Environmental Health. 2 (2): 137-145.
18. Kamadjeu R 2017. Erratum: Food hygiene assessment in catering establishments in Hay Hassani district-Casablanca. Pan African Medical Journal. 28 (1): 25-37.
19. Kate K, Negi S & Kalagnanam J 2014. Monitoring food safety violation reports from internet forums. In MIE, pp. 1090-1094.
20. Lee H, Abdul Halim H, Thong K & Chai L 2017. Assessment of food safety knowledge, attitude, self-reported practices, and microbiological hand hygiene of food handlers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 14 (1): 55-60.
21. Loring PA & Gerlach SC 2009. Food, culture, and human health in Alaska: an integrative health approach to food security. Environmental Science & Policy. 12 (4): 466-478.
22. Marzban A, Nadjarzadeh A, Karimi-Nazari E & Barzegaran M 2019a. Correlation between Religiosity and Nutritional Behavior in Students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in Yazd. Journal of Nutrition and Food Security. 4 (4): 256-262.
23. Marzban A, Rahmanian V, Shirdeli M, Barzegaran M & Baharinya S 2019b. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice about Food Hygiene and Safety among Food Catering Staff in Yazd. Toloo-e-behdasht. 18 (3): 57-68.
24. Medeiros L, Hillers V, Kendall P & Mason A 2001. Evaluation of food safety education for consumers. Journal of Nutrition Education. 33: S27-S34.
25. Mullan B, Allom V, Sainsbury K & Monds LA 2015. Examining the predictive utility of an extended theory of planned behaviour model in the context of specific individual safe food-handling. Appetite. 1 (90): 91-98.
26. Ovca A, Jevšnik M, Kavčič M & Raspor P 2018. Food safety knowledge and attitudes among future professional food handlers. Food Control. 1 (84): 345-353.
27. Pirsaheb M, Almasi A & Rezaee M 2010. The special health education course effects on knowledge, attitude and practice of preparation, distribution and sale centers food staff in Kermanshah. Iranian Journal of Health and Environment. 3 (3): 299-308.
28. Rezaee H, Servat FL, Marzban H, Marzban A & Shirdeli M 2018. The impact of education on knowledge, attitude and practice about Food Poisoning in students of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd. Iran. Toloo-e-behdasht. 17 (3): 39-51.
29. Rezaee O, Movadi M & M M 2012. Effects of Nutrition and Nutritional Health Education on Awareness of Female Elementary School Teachers, Ferdows, Iran. Health System Research. 7 (6): 1068-1074.
30. Rossi MdSC, Stedefeldt E, da Cunha DT & de Rosso VV 2017. Food safety knowledge, optimistic bias and risk perception among food handlers in institutional food services. Food Control. 1 (73): 681-688.
31. Rothbart MW 2016. The Financial Consequences of Education and Food Safety Policies on Local Budgets. New York University.
32. Scharff RL 2012. Economic burden from health losses due to foodborne illness in the United States. Journal of Food Protection. 75 (1): 123-131.
33. Scheib M, Buxbaum L & Moens Y 2018. Food safety and responsible education: a dedicated concept at the Veterinary Nurse School at the University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna. In Professionals in Food Chains, pp. 23-48. Wageningen Academic Publishers.
34. Singh AK, Dudeja P, Kaushal N & Mukherji S 2016. Impact of health education intervention on food safety and hygiene of street vendors: A pilot study. Medical Journal Armed Forces India. 72 (3): 265-269.
35. Wang D, Stewart D, Chang C & Shi Y 2015. Effect of a school-based nutrition education program on adolescents’ nutrition-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviour in rural areas of China. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine. 20 (4): 271.
36. Zan H, Lambea M, McDowell J & Scharff RL 2017. An Economic Evaluation of Food Safety Education Interventions: Estimates and Critical Data Gaps. Journal of Food Protection. 80 (8): 1355-1363.
37. Zanin LM, da Cunha DT, de Rosso VV, Capriles VD & Stedefeldt E 2017. Knowledge, attitudes and practices of food handlers in food safety: An integrative review. Food Research International. 1 (100): 53-62.
38. Zhou W-j, et al. 2016. Effectiveness of a school-based nutrition and food safety education program among primary and junior high school students in Chongqing, China. Global Health Promotion. 23 (1): 37-49.
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