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Sheikhhossein F, Haghighian Roudsari A, Milani Bonab A, Zahedi-Rad M, Saffar Mahammad-Abadi F, Haghgo M et al . Assessment of Lifestyle and Its Components in Elderly People Living in Tehran. JNFS 2020; 5 (1) :57-65
URL: http://jnfs.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-262-en.html
URL: http://jnfs.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-262-en.html
Fatemeh Sheikhhossein 
, Arezoo Haghighian Roudsari * , Ali Milani Bonab , Maliheh Zahedi-Rad , Fatemeh Saffar Mahammad-Abadi , Mazyar Haghgo , Seyed Katayoon Seyedmomeni
, Arezoo Haghighian Roudsari * , Ali Milani Bonab , Maliheh Zahedi-Rad , Fatemeh Saffar Mahammad-Abadi , Mazyar Haghgo , Seyed Katayoon Seyedmomeni
Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
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Assessment of Lifestyle and Its Components in Elderly People Living in Tehran
Fatemeh Sheikhhossein; BSc1, Arezoo Haghighian Roudsari; PhD*2,3, Ali Milani Bonab; MSc3, Maliheh Zahedi-Rad; MSc4, Fatemeh Saffar Mahammad-Abadi; BSc5, Mazyar Haghgo; BSc5 & Seyed Katayoon Seyedmomeni; BSc5
1 Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
2 Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
3 Department of Community Nutrition, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
4 Department of Nutrition Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
5 National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
1 Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
2 Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
3 Department of Community Nutrition, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
4 Department of Nutrition Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
5 National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
| ARTICLE INFO | ABSTRACT | |
| ORIGINAL ARTICLE | Background: Healthy lifestyle is effective on preventing common elderly diseases. This study was conducted to evaluate the elderlies' lifestyle and its components in Tehran in 2017. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out with a descriptive-analytical design. The research population consisted of 200 elderly people from elderly care centers in Tehran City, Iran. A questionnaire, designed and validated by Babak et al., was used for lifestyle assessment. It dealt with dimensions of prevention, physical activity, exercise and entertainment, nutrition, stress management, as well as social and interpersonal relationships. Results: Results showed that the total score of lifestyle was 167.83 and 164.18 in men and women, respectively. Findings indicated that both genders were in good level of lifestyle and was no significant difference was observed between males and females (P < 0.05). A significant difference was observed between men and women in terms of stress and prevention components. The highest mean score of lifestyle was observed in prevention component of the participants who had associate degree (64.99 ± 5.89) and were single (60.75 ± 5.50). The lowest mean score of lifestyle was found in the field of exercise and entertainment in people who had elementary education degree (12.94 ± 4.12) and were divorced (13.00 ± 3.00). A significant relationship was found between age and nutritional area (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Considering the low scores of exercise and entertainment in the elderly people, an educational program should be designed to improve lifestyle among the elderly. Keywords: Lifestyle; Elderly; Components; Assessment |
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| Article history: Received: 20 May 2019 Revised: 8 Jul 2019 Accepted: 10 Sep 2018 |
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| *Corresponding author: ahaghighian@yahoo.com School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shaheed Beheshti university of Medical Sciences and health services. No. 46, West Arghavan St., Farahzadi Blvd., Shahrak Qods. Postal code: 19395-4741 Tel: +98 9126015661 |
Introduction
Aging is a natural process beginning from the embryonic age that continues till death. It is accompanied by gradual decrement of many tissue functions till the end of life. In psychological and mental view, aging is defined as a gradual psychological process that decreases freshness and happiness, will and decisiveness, self-esteem, risking power, as well as senses of usefulness and belonging. Incidence of aging and its disorders do not have a definite time. Psychological exhaustion begins when a person becomes depended to others. When a person’s social role decreases, different degrees of psychological exhaustion and problems begin to appear (Saberian et al., 2004).
In developing countries, medical development leads to longer life and increases the elderly population (Najimi and Moazemi Goudarzi, 2012). Nowadays, 600 million of the world's population are older than 60 years, this rate is expected to increase to 1.2 billion till 2025 and to 2 billion people till 2050, which is 21% of the world's population (Ghahraman Mahmudi et al., 2013). Iranian census data in 2016 showed that population older than 65 years increased from 5.7 in 2000 to 6.1 in 2016. This increase is also obvious in the middle-age group of 30 -64 years; they are 44.8% of the Iran's population. It was shown that more than half of the current population of Iran (51%) are within the middle age and old people (Center, 2016). Elderlies are the main consumers of the public health services because they have many different health problems such as salivary secretion decrease, dysphagia, as well as esophagus and stomach dysfunction. Decreased gastrointestinal movement, chronic diseases, hospitalization, different drug use, loneliness, depression, low dental hygiene, and low quality of life are the causes of malnutrition and its risk in old age (Nieuwenhuizen et al., 2010).
Therefore, it is necessary to consider health care programs and physical activity of this age group. Difficulty in activities such as daily activity, self-care, work, entertainment, and health dysfunction are the problems that may limit their activity and have negative results on their daily life (Rasoulzadeh et al., 2015). Many studies were conducted in Iran over different features of the elderlies' behaviors to promote health status. The literature showed that the elderly had low knowledge, attitude, and practice in relation to healthy life style (Samadi et al., 2007); so, they need physical activity and suitable diet for improving their health (Malek Afzali et al., 2006, Morovati-SharifAbad et al., 2003, Motaleb Nejad and Shirvani, 2002).
Education is one of the effective approaches for improving the individual health and quality of life in elderly people. Correct and effective educational methods need well understanding of the old people needs. Educational services in each age group need studying and knowing all aspects of needs and defects in the health are with regard to the target population (Khavoshi et al., 2015, Saarnio et al., 2016). Ghahremani et al. showed that health education programs had positive effects on old people's quality of life components such as physical function, body ache, general health, energy and happiness, social function, and psychological health (Ghahramani et al., 2009). This previously mentioned declaration showed that unhealthy life style was associated with higher mortality rate and people with healthy life style would have better quality of life with longer life expectancy. On the other hand old age common diseases could be prevented by healthy life style (Taghdisi et al., 2012). Thus, it is necessary to evaluate the elderlies' life style by conducting suitable interventions. This study was carried out to evaluate and compare different aspects of life style in the elderlies and to clarify its different dimensions.
Material and Methods
Study design: This cross-sectional study was conducted using a descriptive analytical design. The inclusion criteria for the elderlies were having satisfaction to participate in the study, 60 years of age or older, tendency to enter the study, visual and audience ability for completing the questionnaire, talking and answering ability for completing the questionnaire, and no depression or Alzheimer. Excluding criteria were having unwillingness to participate in the study or to complete the questionnaires and not answering to more than half of the items in the questionnaire.
Sampling and data gathering: Introduction letter was produced by Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science to the State Welfare Organization of Iran. Later the welfare centers of 3 districts (north, center, and south) of Tehran were selected. After visiting the nursing homes under supervision of the selected welfare organizations, eligible old people were selected to enter the study. Since the elderlies in the nursing homes did not cooperate well, we selected our participants from old people who were in the parks of these three distincts. Simple sampling method was used and eligible old people entered the study after completing written constant forms. The research team read the questions for the participants and recorded their answers. The demographic and life style characteristics of the participants were also recorded using the questionnaires. In this study, the participants' lifestyle was evaluated using the Iranian elderlies' lifestyle questionnaire with confirmed validity and reliability in a previous research (Eshaghi et al., 2010). This questionnaire includes 46 question; 15 questions are about prevention, 5 questions are about sport and entertainment, 14 questions are about healthy nutrition, 5 questions are about stress management, and 7 questions are about social and personal relationships. The total score of life style was calculated for all dimensions of the questionnaire. The attainable scores can range from 42 to 211. The scores of 42-98 showed unfavorable, 99-155 moderately favorable, and 156-211 favorable life styles.
Ethical considerations: All participants were explained about the study goals and ensured about confidentiality of the data. Furthermore, all participants were asked to sign informed consent forms. They were also explained about voluntary participation in the study. This study was approved as a research project by Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science by the students’ research committee with no. 22776 in 30/05/2017 and Ethical Code of IR.SBMU.RETECH.REC.1395.1058.
Data analysis: Data analysis was done using SPSS (version 21). To analyze the descriptive data, the variables' frequency and percentage were calculated. Mean and standard deviation were also applied to report quantitative data. Moreover, the Pearson correlation factor, student t-test, and ANOVA were applied for descriptive- analytical interpretations. The significance level was set at ≤ 0.05
Results
In this study, 200 old people were evaluated. The participants' mean age was 71.28 ± 7.63 years, which did not have a significant effect. Table 1 shows the participants' demographic characteristics. The participants' mean scores in different dimensions of elderly life style are shown in Table 2.
The total scores of life style in men and women were 167.83 and 164.18, respectively. Both genders had favorable level of life style and no significant difference was observed between men and women in this regard (P < 0.05). Considering the stress and preventive dimensions, a significant difference was observed between men and women (P = 0.01 and P = 0.03). Life style dimensions’ scores in men and women are compared in Figure 1.
Table 3 showed a significant difference in total lifestyle scores with regard to education. Associate degree had the highest lifestyle mean score (176.3), while illiterate and elementary levels had the lowest scores (162.22). Lifestyle scores were significantly different in terms of nutrition as well as sport and entertainment considering the participants' educational levels (P < 0.05). In these two dimensions of bachelor's degree and higher educational levels had the highest scores.
In terms of marital status, the highest score of lifestyle belonged to single people (170.33), whereas, the lowest scores belonged to the divorced individuals (157). Considering the marital status, no significant difference was observed in total score of lifestyle, but a significant difference was found in nutritional as well as social and personal relationship dimensions (P < 0.05); divorced people had the highest score of nutrition, while married elderlies had the highest score of social and personal relationship (P < 0.05). Table 4 showed that there was significant statistical relationship between age and nutrition field.
In developing countries, medical development leads to longer life and increases the elderly population (Najimi and Moazemi Goudarzi, 2012). Nowadays, 600 million of the world's population are older than 60 years, this rate is expected to increase to 1.2 billion till 2025 and to 2 billion people till 2050, which is 21% of the world's population (Ghahraman Mahmudi et al., 2013). Iranian census data in 2016 showed that population older than 65 years increased from 5.7 in 2000 to 6.1 in 2016. This increase is also obvious in the middle-age group of 30 -64 years; they are 44.8% of the Iran's population. It was shown that more than half of the current population of Iran (51%) are within the middle age and old people (Center, 2016). Elderlies are the main consumers of the public health services because they have many different health problems such as salivary secretion decrease, dysphagia, as well as esophagus and stomach dysfunction. Decreased gastrointestinal movement, chronic diseases, hospitalization, different drug use, loneliness, depression, low dental hygiene, and low quality of life are the causes of malnutrition and its risk in old age (Nieuwenhuizen et al., 2010).
Therefore, it is necessary to consider health care programs and physical activity of this age group. Difficulty in activities such as daily activity, self-care, work, entertainment, and health dysfunction are the problems that may limit their activity and have negative results on their daily life (Rasoulzadeh et al., 2015). Many studies were conducted in Iran over different features of the elderlies' behaviors to promote health status. The literature showed that the elderly had low knowledge, attitude, and practice in relation to healthy life style (Samadi et al., 2007); so, they need physical activity and suitable diet for improving their health (Malek Afzali et al., 2006, Morovati-SharifAbad et al., 2003, Motaleb Nejad and Shirvani, 2002).
Education is one of the effective approaches for improving the individual health and quality of life in elderly people. Correct and effective educational methods need well understanding of the old people needs. Educational services in each age group need studying and knowing all aspects of needs and defects in the health are with regard to the target population (Khavoshi et al., 2015, Saarnio et al., 2016). Ghahremani et al. showed that health education programs had positive effects on old people's quality of life components such as physical function, body ache, general health, energy and happiness, social function, and psychological health (Ghahramani et al., 2009). This previously mentioned declaration showed that unhealthy life style was associated with higher mortality rate and people with healthy life style would have better quality of life with longer life expectancy. On the other hand old age common diseases could be prevented by healthy life style (Taghdisi et al., 2012). Thus, it is necessary to evaluate the elderlies' life style by conducting suitable interventions. This study was carried out to evaluate and compare different aspects of life style in the elderlies and to clarify its different dimensions.
Material and Methods
Study design: This cross-sectional study was conducted using a descriptive analytical design. The inclusion criteria for the elderlies were having satisfaction to participate in the study, 60 years of age or older, tendency to enter the study, visual and audience ability for completing the questionnaire, talking and answering ability for completing the questionnaire, and no depression or Alzheimer. Excluding criteria were having unwillingness to participate in the study or to complete the questionnaires and not answering to more than half of the items in the questionnaire.
Sampling and data gathering: Introduction letter was produced by Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science to the State Welfare Organization of Iran. Later the welfare centers of 3 districts (north, center, and south) of Tehran were selected. After visiting the nursing homes under supervision of the selected welfare organizations, eligible old people were selected to enter the study. Since the elderlies in the nursing homes did not cooperate well, we selected our participants from old people who were in the parks of these three distincts. Simple sampling method was used and eligible old people entered the study after completing written constant forms. The research team read the questions for the participants and recorded their answers. The demographic and life style characteristics of the participants were also recorded using the questionnaires. In this study, the participants' lifestyle was evaluated using the Iranian elderlies' lifestyle questionnaire with confirmed validity and reliability in a previous research (Eshaghi et al., 2010). This questionnaire includes 46 question; 15 questions are about prevention, 5 questions are about sport and entertainment, 14 questions are about healthy nutrition, 5 questions are about stress management, and 7 questions are about social and personal relationships. The total score of life style was calculated for all dimensions of the questionnaire. The attainable scores can range from 42 to 211. The scores of 42-98 showed unfavorable, 99-155 moderately favorable, and 156-211 favorable life styles.
Ethical considerations: All participants were explained about the study goals and ensured about confidentiality of the data. Furthermore, all participants were asked to sign informed consent forms. They were also explained about voluntary participation in the study. This study was approved as a research project by Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science by the students’ research committee with no. 22776 in 30/05/2017 and Ethical Code of IR.SBMU.RETECH.REC.1395.1058.
Data analysis: Data analysis was done using SPSS (version 21). To analyze the descriptive data, the variables' frequency and percentage were calculated. Mean and standard deviation were also applied to report quantitative data. Moreover, the Pearson correlation factor, student t-test, and ANOVA were applied for descriptive- analytical interpretations. The significance level was set at ≤ 0.05
Results
In this study, 200 old people were evaluated. The participants' mean age was 71.28 ± 7.63 years, which did not have a significant effect. Table 1 shows the participants' demographic characteristics. The participants' mean scores in different dimensions of elderly life style are shown in Table 2.
The total scores of life style in men and women were 167.83 and 164.18, respectively. Both genders had favorable level of life style and no significant difference was observed between men and women in this regard (P < 0.05). Considering the stress and preventive dimensions, a significant difference was observed between men and women (P = 0.01 and P = 0.03). Life style dimensions’ scores in men and women are compared in Figure 1.
Table 3 showed a significant difference in total lifestyle scores with regard to education. Associate degree had the highest lifestyle mean score (176.3), while illiterate and elementary levels had the lowest scores (162.22). Lifestyle scores were significantly different in terms of nutrition as well as sport and entertainment considering the participants' educational levels (P < 0.05). In these two dimensions of bachelor's degree and higher educational levels had the highest scores.
In terms of marital status, the highest score of lifestyle belonged to single people (170.33), whereas, the lowest scores belonged to the divorced individuals (157). Considering the marital status, no significant difference was observed in total score of lifestyle, but a significant difference was found in nutritional as well as social and personal relationship dimensions (P < 0.05); divorced people had the highest score of nutrition, while married elderlies had the highest score of social and personal relationship (P < 0.05). Table 4 showed that there was significant statistical relationship between age and nutrition field.
Discussion
In this study, the total mean score of the elderlies' lifestyle was 165.81, which showed a favorable level for the elderlies living in Tehran. Mean scores of lifestyle were higher in men than women, but both genders were at a favorable level in terms of lifestyle. Other previous studies showed lower lifestyle scores in Iran (Samadi et al., 2007), which may indicate an improvement in the elderlies' lifestyle in recent years.
Regarding different aspects of lifestyle, the prevention dimension had the best score with a mean of 60.02 ± 6.09, while the sport and entertainment dimension received the worst scores with a mean of 13.99 ± 4.24. Morovati et al. showed that the worst scores were for the social relationship (Morovati-SharifAbad et al., 2003), but in our study, social and personal relationship had the third ranking level between other dimensions of lifestyle. This may show improvement of the elderlies' social lifestyle, which could be resulted from higher social situations of the old population in the society. Considering the lifestyle dimensions, men achieved the highest scores in sports and entertainment as well as nutrition dimensions, but women received their best scores in the prevention dimension. This result was in accordance with findings of other studies in this field (Babak et al., 2011, Ghahraman Mahmudi et al., 2013, Hanioka et al., 2007, Ueno et al., 2012). Sharifian et al. showed that most elderlies, especially women, participated in social and religious activities. With regard to the leisure activities' dimension, only one third of the elderlies (mostly men) participated actively in leisure activities (Sharifian Sani et al., 2016). Considering that women have more responsibility for self-caring and doing housework at home with no pension, economic security plays an important role in single and widowed female elderlies. In addition, gender and family roles reduce the women's access to leisure time, such as health and social participation (Sayer and Gornick, 2009).
The stress management scores were higher in men than women that may be resulted from higher scores of men in sport and entertainment as well as nutrition dimensions. This can be justified by saying that sports play a significant role in increasing the elderlies' satisfaction, freshness, and happiness, as potential factors of stress management. This finding was supported by some other studies (Abdoli and Modaberi, 2012, Aihara et al., 2011, Mortazavi et al., 2012). Regarding the prevention dimension, the scores of women were higher than men, which shows the importance of this dimension for women. The prevention dimension includes items such as personal health, alcohol, smoking and tobacco use, as well as reference to physicians or treatment center In the case of a sickness. This finding is supported by many other studies in reporting that women refer to physicians more frequently than men, because they pay more attention to their health and treatment (Armstrong, 2002).
In evaluation of educational status and lifestyle, the elderlies with associate and bachelor degree had higher lifestyle mean scores. The mean of different lifestyle dimensions increased in higher educational levels. This finding is in accordance with the study by Najimi et al. (Najimi and Moazemi Goudarzi, 2012). The educational status is one of the important variables in determining the individuals' socio-economic status. According to the literature, socio-economic status is related to different aspects of lifestyle such as food habits and physical activity, which affects weight and obesity prevalence. So, educational status is one of the effective factors on people's lifestyle (Yannakoulia et al., 2016). Hosseini et al. showed that the elderlies' educational level was significantly related with their instrumental activities such as using phone, going to distance places, going to stores for shopping, preparing their own food, doing house works, taking medications, managing their own economic problems, doing heavy works near home, going up and down the stairs, and walking (Hosseini SR et al., 2018).
This study showed no significant relationship between total mean score of lifestyle and age (p<0.05), but a significant relationship was found between age and nutrition, which is supported by other studies, too (Ghahraman Mahmudi et al., 2013, Hanioka et al., 2007, Malek Afzali et al., 2006, Morovati-SharifAbad et al., 2003).
It seems that the elderlies' nutritional status had an effective role on their health improvement. So, by increase of age the kind and amount of food consumption as well as the nutritional style should be considered. However, no significant relationship was found between total lifestyle score and BMI in this study (p<0.05), which is supported by other studies (Goulart et al., 2007, Najimi and Moazemi Goudarzi, 2012, Tonstad et al., 2007).
The most important limitation of this study was the elderlies' reluctant to devote their time to complete the questionnaire. The questionnaire completing process was boring for the old people and made them tired. This process had to be done in more than one session.
Conclusion
Considering low scores of sport and entertainment in elderly people, an educational program should be designed to improve the elderlies' health status. The elderlies' participation in the community and their voluntary activities will help them to improve their health and lifestyle. Elderly policy-making should provide the elderlies with the opportunities to continue their involvement in society. Social participation is generally related to the elderlies' mental health and plays an important role in policy making.
Conflicts of interest
There was no conflict of interest in this study.
Acknowledgement
We are thankful of nursing home and centers, old people who participate in this study, without their help it was impossible to do this work.
Authors' contributions
Sheikhhossein F performed the study and collected the data as well as writing the manuscript; Haghighian Roudsari A contributed in designing and conducting the project, analyzing and interpreting the data and writing the manuscript; Milani Bonab A had roles in writing the manuscript, and finalizing approval of the version to be published; Zahedi-rad M helped in writing and editing the manuscript, Saffar Mohammad-abadi F and Haghgo M involved in performing the study; Seyedmomeni K supported for analyzing the data.
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In this study, the total mean score of the elderlies' lifestyle was 165.81, which showed a favorable level for the elderlies living in Tehran. Mean scores of lifestyle were higher in men than women, but both genders were at a favorable level in terms of lifestyle. Other previous studies showed lower lifestyle scores in Iran (Samadi et al., 2007), which may indicate an improvement in the elderlies' lifestyle in recent years.
Regarding different aspects of lifestyle, the prevention dimension had the best score with a mean of 60.02 ± 6.09, while the sport and entertainment dimension received the worst scores with a mean of 13.99 ± 4.24. Morovati et al. showed that the worst scores were for the social relationship (Morovati-SharifAbad et al., 2003), but in our study, social and personal relationship had the third ranking level between other dimensions of lifestyle. This may show improvement of the elderlies' social lifestyle, which could be resulted from higher social situations of the old population in the society. Considering the lifestyle dimensions, men achieved the highest scores in sports and entertainment as well as nutrition dimensions, but women received their best scores in the prevention dimension. This result was in accordance with findings of other studies in this field (Babak et al., 2011, Ghahraman Mahmudi et al., 2013, Hanioka et al., 2007, Ueno et al., 2012). Sharifian et al. showed that most elderlies, especially women, participated in social and religious activities. With regard to the leisure activities' dimension, only one third of the elderlies (mostly men) participated actively in leisure activities (Sharifian Sani et al., 2016). Considering that women have more responsibility for self-caring and doing housework at home with no pension, economic security plays an important role in single and widowed female elderlies. In addition, gender and family roles reduce the women's access to leisure time, such as health and social participation (Sayer and Gornick, 2009).
The stress management scores were higher in men than women that may be resulted from higher scores of men in sport and entertainment as well as nutrition dimensions. This can be justified by saying that sports play a significant role in increasing the elderlies' satisfaction, freshness, and happiness, as potential factors of stress management. This finding was supported by some other studies (Abdoli and Modaberi, 2012, Aihara et al., 2011, Mortazavi et al., 2012). Regarding the prevention dimension, the scores of women were higher than men, which shows the importance of this dimension for women. The prevention dimension includes items such as personal health, alcohol, smoking and tobacco use, as well as reference to physicians or treatment center In the case of a sickness. This finding is supported by many other studies in reporting that women refer to physicians more frequently than men, because they pay more attention to their health and treatment (Armstrong, 2002).
In evaluation of educational status and lifestyle, the elderlies with associate and bachelor degree had higher lifestyle mean scores. The mean of different lifestyle dimensions increased in higher educational levels. This finding is in accordance with the study by Najimi et al. (Najimi and Moazemi Goudarzi, 2012). The educational status is one of the important variables in determining the individuals' socio-economic status. According to the literature, socio-economic status is related to different aspects of lifestyle such as food habits and physical activity, which affects weight and obesity prevalence. So, educational status is one of the effective factors on people's lifestyle (Yannakoulia et al., 2016). Hosseini et al. showed that the elderlies' educational level was significantly related with their instrumental activities such as using phone, going to distance places, going to stores for shopping, preparing their own food, doing house works, taking medications, managing their own economic problems, doing heavy works near home, going up and down the stairs, and walking (Hosseini SR et al., 2018).
This study showed no significant relationship between total mean score of lifestyle and age (p<0.05), but a significant relationship was found between age and nutrition, which is supported by other studies, too (Ghahraman Mahmudi et al., 2013, Hanioka et al., 2007, Malek Afzali et al., 2006, Morovati-SharifAbad et al., 2003).
It seems that the elderlies' nutritional status had an effective role on their health improvement. So, by increase of age the kind and amount of food consumption as well as the nutritional style should be considered. However, no significant relationship was found between total lifestyle score and BMI in this study (p<0.05), which is supported by other studies (Goulart et al., 2007, Najimi and Moazemi Goudarzi, 2012, Tonstad et al., 2007).
The most important limitation of this study was the elderlies' reluctant to devote their time to complete the questionnaire. The questionnaire completing process was boring for the old people and made them tired. This process had to be done in more than one session.
Conclusion
Considering low scores of sport and entertainment in elderly people, an educational program should be designed to improve the elderlies' health status. The elderlies' participation in the community and their voluntary activities will help them to improve their health and lifestyle. Elderly policy-making should provide the elderlies with the opportunities to continue their involvement in society. Social participation is generally related to the elderlies' mental health and plays an important role in policy making.
Conflicts of interest
There was no conflict of interest in this study.
Acknowledgement
We are thankful of nursing home and centers, old people who participate in this study, without their help it was impossible to do this work.
Authors' contributions
Sheikhhossein F performed the study and collected the data as well as writing the manuscript; Haghighian Roudsari A contributed in designing and conducting the project, analyzing and interpreting the data and writing the manuscript; Milani Bonab A had roles in writing the manuscript, and finalizing approval of the version to be published; Zahedi-rad M helped in writing and editing the manuscript, Saffar Mohammad-abadi F and Haghgo M involved in performing the study; Seyedmomeni K supported for analyzing the data.
References
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Aihara Y, Minai J, Aoyama A & Shimanouchi S 2011. Depressive symptoms and past lifestyle among Japanese elderly people. Community mental health journal. 47 (2): 186-193.
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Eshaghi S, Farajzadegan Z & BABAK A 2010. Healthy lifestyle assessment questionnaire in elderly: translation, reliability and validity. Payesh. 9 (1): 91-99.
Ghahraman Mahmudi, Kiumars Niazazari & Sanati T 2013. Evaluation of Life Style in the Elderly. Journal of health breeze. 1 (3): 45-50.
Ghahramani L, NAZARI M & Mousavi M 2009. Improvement of quality of life in elderly men in Kahrizak nursing home based on educational intervention. Knowledge and health. 4 (2): 18-23.
Goulart AC, et al. 2007. Race and parity as risk factors for obesity among low-income women in Brazil. Nutrition research. 27 (1): 27-32.
Hanioka T, Ojima M, Tanaka K & Aoyama H 2007. Association of total tooth loss with smoking, drinking alcohol and nutrition in elderly Japanese: analysis of national database. Gerodontology. 24 (2): 87-92.
Hosseini SR, Zabihi A, Jafariyan SR & A B 2018. The Relationship between Chronic Diseases and Disability in Daily Activities and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living in the Elderly. Journal of Babol University of medical sciences. 20 (5): 9-23.
Khavoshi N, Tol A, Shojaeizade D & Shamshiri A 2015. Effect of educational intervention on the lifestyle of elderly people referred to clinical centers of Eslamshahr, Iran: application of health belief model. Journal of nursing education. 3 (4): 19-28.
Malek Afzali H, et al. 2006. Mobilize the community to improve the health of the elderly in the neighborhood of Tehran Ecbatana. Hakim research journal. 9 (4): 1-6.
Morovati-SharifAbad M, Ghofranipour F & Heidarnia A 2003. Perceived religious support of the health promoting behavior and performance of behaviors in the elderly 65 years and older city of Yazd. Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of medical sciences. 1 (45): 28-23.
Mortazavi SS, et al. 2012. The Effectiveness of Regular Physical Activity on Mental Health in Elderly. Journal of Isfahan medical school. 29 (161): 1-10.
Motaleb Nejad M & Shirvani M 2002. Oral mucosal lesions in elderly population, Tehran Kahrizak Geriatric Institute, 2000. Journal of Babol University of medical sciences. 4 (3): 28-33.
Najimi A & Moazemi Goudarzi A 2012. Healthy lifestyle of the elderly: A cross-sectional study. Journal of health system research. 8 (4): 581-587.
Nieuwenhuizen WF, Weenen H, Rigby P & Hetherington MM 2010. Older adults and patients in need of nutritional support: review of current treatment options and factors influencing nutritional intake. Clinical nutrition. 29 (2): 160-169.
Rasoulzadeh M, et al. 2015. Assessment the Interests of Elderly People Residing in Nursing Homes in Individual Activities. Middle East journal of rehabilitation and health. 2 (4).
Saarnio L, Boström AM, Gustavsson P & Öhlén J 2016. Meanings of at‐homeness at end‐of‐life among older people. Scandinavian journal of caring sciences. 30 (2): 312-319.
Saberian M, HAJI AS & Ghorbani R 2004. Study of the mental status of the elderly and its relationship with leisure time activities (persian). Journal of Sazevar University of medical sciences. 10 (4): 56-60 (in Persian).
Samadi S, Bayat A, Taheri H, Junaid B & Roozbahani N 2007. Knowledge, attitudes and practices in eldery towards healthy lifestyle in old age. Qazvin journal of medical sciences. 11 (1): 84-85.
Sayer LC & Gornick JC 2009. Older adults: international differences in housework and leisure. Social indicators research. 93 (1): 215-218.
Sharifian Sani M, Zanjari N & Sadeghi R 2016. Time Usage Patterns of Iranian Older Adults and Its Association With Socioeconomic Factors. Iranian journal of ageing. 11 (3): 400-415.
Taghdisi M, Doshmangir P, Dehdari T & Doshmangir L 2012. The factors affecting healthy lifestyle from elderly vision: A qualitative study. Iran journal of ageing. 7 (27): 47-58.
Tonstad S, Thorsrud H, Torjesen PA & Seljeflot I 2007. Do novel risk factors differ between men and women aged 18 to 39 years with a high risk of coronary heart disease? Metabolism. 56 (2): 260-266.
Ueno M, Ohara S, Inoue M, Tsugane S & Kawaguchi Y 2012. Association between education level and dentition status in Japanese adults: J apan public health center‐based oral health study. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology. 40 (6): 481-487.
Yannakoulia M, et al. 2016. Socio-economic and lifestyle parameters associated with diet quality of children and adolescents using classification and regression tree analysis: the DIATROFI study. Public health nutrition. 19 (2): 339-347.
Type of article: orginal article |
Subject:
public specific
Received: 2019/05/20 | Published: 2020/02/1 | ePublished: 2020/02/1
Received: 2019/05/20 | Published: 2020/02/1 | ePublished: 2020/02/1
References
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2. Aihara Y, Minai J, Aoyama A & Shimanouchi S 2011. Depressive symptoms and past lifestyle among Japanese elderly people. Community mental health journal. 47 (2): 186-193.
3. Armstrong D 2002. Foucault and the sociology of health. Foucault, health and medicine. 15.
4. Babak A, Davari S, Aghdak P & Pirhaji O 2011. Assessment of Healthy Lifestyle among Elderly in Isfahan, Iran. Journal of Isfahan medical school. 29 (149): 1-11.
5. Center IS 2016. Report of the 2006 census of housing and population of Iran. Tehran, Iran: Iran Statistical Center.
6. Eshaghi S, Farajzadegan Z & BABAK A 2010. Healthy lifestyle assessment questionnaire in elderly: translation, reliability and validity. Payesh. 9 (1): 91-99.
7. Ghahraman Mahmudi, Kiumars Niazazari & Sanati T 2013. Evaluation of Life Style in the Elderly. Journal of health breeze. 1 (3): 45-50.
8. Ghahramani L, NAZARI M & Mousavi M 2009. Improvement of quality of life in elderly men in Kahrizak nursing home based on educational intervention. Knowledge and health. 4 (2): 18-23.
9. Goulart AC, et al. 2007. Race and parity as risk factors for obesity among low-income women in Brazil. Nutrition research. 27 (1): 27-32.
10. Hanioka T, Ojima M, Tanaka K & Aoyama H 2007. Association of total tooth loss with smoking, drinking alcohol and nutrition in elderly Japanese: analysis of national database. Gerodontology. 24 (2): 87-92.
11. Hosseini SR, Zabihi A, Jafariyan SR & A B 2018. The Relationship between Chronic Diseases and Disability in Daily Activities and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living in the Elderly. Journal of Babol University of medical sciences. 20 (5): 9-23.
12. Khavoshi N, Tol A, Shojaeizade D & Shamshiri A 2015. Effect of educational intervention on the lifestyle of elderly people referred to clinical centers of Eslamshahr, Iran: application of health belief model. Journal of nursing education. 3 (4): 19-28.
13. Malek Afzali H, et al. 2006. Mobilize the community to improve the health of the elderly in the neighborhood of Tehran Ecbatana. Hakim research journal. 9 (4): 1-6.
14. Morovati-SharifAbad M, Ghofranipour F & Heidarnia A 2003. Perceived religious support of the health promoting behavior and performance of behaviors in the elderly 65 years and older city of Yazd. Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of medical sciences. 1 (45): 28-23.
15. Mortazavi SS, et al. 2012. The Effectiveness of Regular Physical Activity on Mental Health in Elderly. Journal of Isfahan medical school. 29 (161): 1-10.
16. Motaleb Nejad M & Shirvani M 2002. Oral mucosal lesions in elderly population, Tehran Kahrizak Geriatric Institute, 2000. Journal of Babol University of medical sciences. 4 (3): 28-33.
17. Najimi A & Moazemi Goudarzi A 2012. Healthy lifestyle of the elderly: A cross-sectional study. Journal of health system research. 8 (4): 581-587.
18. Nieuwenhuizen WF, Weenen H, Rigby P & Hetherington MM 2010. Older adults and patients in need of nutritional support: review of current treatment options and factors influencing nutritional intake. Clinical nutrition. 29 (2): 160-169.
19. Rasoulzadeh M, et al. 2015. Assessment the Interests of Elderly People Residing in Nursing Homes in Individual Activities. Middle East journal of rehabilitation and health. 2 (4).
20. Saarnio L, Boström AM, Gustavsson P & Öhlén J 2016. Meanings of at‐homeness at end‐of‐life among older people. Scandinavian journal of caring sciences. 30 (2): 312-319.
21. Saberian M, HAJI AS & Ghorbani R 2004. Study of the mental status of the elderly and its relationship with leisure time activities (persian). Journal of Sazevar University of medical sciences. 10 (4): 56-60 (in Persian).
22. Samadi S, Bayat A, Taheri H, Junaid B & Roozbahani N 2007. Knowledge, attitudes and practices in eldery towards healthy lifestyle in old age. Qazvin journal of medical sciences. 11 (1): 84-85.
23. Sayer LC & Gornick JC 2009. Older adults: international differences in housework and leisure. Social indicators research. 93 (1): 215-218.
24. Sharifian Sani M, Zanjari N & Sadeghi R 2016. Time Usage Patterns of Iranian Older Adults and Its Association With Socioeconomic Factors. Iranian journal of ageing. 11 (3): 400-415.
25. Taghdisi M, Doshmangir P, Dehdari T & Doshmangir L 2012. The factors affecting healthy lifestyle from elderly vision: A qualitative study. Iran journal of ageing. 7 (27): 47-58.
26. Tonstad S, Thorsrud H, Torjesen PA & Seljeflot I 2007. Do novel risk factors differ between men and women aged 18 to 39 years with a high risk of coronary heart disease? Metabolism. 56 (2): 260-266.
27. Ueno M, Ohara S, Inoue M, Tsugane S & Kawaguchi Y 2012. Association between education level and dentition status in Japanese adults: J apan public health center‐based oral health study. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology. 40 (6): 481-487.
28. Yannakoulia M, et al. 2016. Socio-economic and lifestyle parameters associated with diet quality of children and adolescents using classification and regression tree analysis: the DIATROFI study. Public health nutrition. 19 (2): 339-347.
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