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Wenli S, Shahrajabian M H, Qi C. Therapeutic Roles of Goji Berry and Ginseng in Traditional Chinese . JNFS 2019; 4 (4) :293-305
URL: http://jnfs.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-245-en.html
Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China **Nitrogen Fixation Laboratory, Qi Institute, Building C4, No.555 Chuangye, Jiaxing 314000, Zhejiang, China
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Therapeutic Roles of Goji Berry and Ginseng in Traditional Chinese
 
Wenli Sun; PhD1,2, Mohamad Hesam Shahrajabian; PhD1,2 & Qi Cheng; PhD*1,2
 
1 Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
2 Nitrogen Fixation Laboratory, Qi Institute, Building C4, No.555 Chuangye, Jiaxing 314000, Zhejiang, China.
 
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
REVIEW ARTICLE  
Background: Goji berries (Lycium barbarum), widely used in traditional Chinese medicine, can be applied as a dietary supplement. They are classified as nutraceutical food due to their long and safe traditional use. Ginseng has been increasingly used in the last decades and has become well known for its significant role in preventing and treating many diseases. Methods: The keywords of Goji berry, Ginseng, Traditional Chinese medicine were searched in Google Scholar, Scopus, Research Gate, and PubMed in both English and Chinese languages. Results: Goji berry significantly inhibited the generation and spread of cancer cells, improved eyesight, and increased reserves of muscle glycogen and liver glycogen, which may increase human energy and has anti-fatigue effect. Usage of Goji berries improved brain function and enhanced learning and memory. It had positive effects on anti-cancer, anti-oxidant activities, retinal function preservation, anti-diabetes, immune function, and anti-fatigue. Pharmacological activities of ginseng extracts affected the central nervous system, antipsychotic action, tranquilizing effects, protection from stress ulcers, increase of gastrointestinal motility, anti-fatigue action, endocrinological effects, enhancement of sexual behavior, acceleration of metabolism, or synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids, RNA, and proteins. In Traditional Chinese Medicine, ginseng helps to maintain a healthy immune system. Conclusions: In this review article we found that Goji berries and Ginseng were sources of compounds with valuable nutritional and bioactive properties. Therefore, they could be incorporated into foods with functional properties. More clinical studies are necessary to uncover the numerous substances and their effects in goji berries and ginseng that contribute to public health.
 
Keywords: Goji berry; Ginseng; Traditional Chinese medicine
Article history:
Received: 20 Feb 2019
Revised: 10 Apr 2019
Accepted: 27 Jun 2019
*Corresponding author:
Chengqi@caas.cn,
Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
 
Postal code: 100081
Tel:  +86-13426083836
 
Introduction
 
Goji, also called wolfberry, has been used as traditional medicinal foods in China and other Asian countries for centuries (Potterat, 2010). They are very hard, spiny, and shrubby vines in the tomato-nightshade family Solanacaea. Goji berry has different vernacular names; its most common name is wolfberry, which comes from “gou” meaning wolf. The name "goji" is an extrapolation of a number of native words, originally coined in 1973 by researchers at the Tanaduk Botanical Research Institute (Amagase and Farnsworth, 2011). Goji plants are native to China, where they are grown from the subtropics in the South to the cold dry climate on Inner Mongolia. Commercial fruit production is concentrated near Inner Mongolia. The fruits are red like a tomato with a green calyx near the stem. Seeds are small and edible, similar to tomato seeds. Flowers have a purple color, which fades to yellow (Amagase, 2014, Amagase and Farnsworth, 2011). Goji berry belongs to division of Magnoliophyta, class of Magnoliopsida, order of Solanales, family of Solanaceae, and Genus of Lycium. Goji berry or wolf berry is the common name of the fruits Lycium barbarum or Lycium chinese, which are two closely related species (Redgwell et al., 2011). The genus Lycium (Solanaceae) consists of about 80 species found worldwide in arid to semi-arid environmental conditions (Huang et al., 2015). The main centers of diversity for this genus are distributed between Argentina and Chile, Southern Africa and Southwestern North America (Miller et al., 2008). L. barbarum and L. chinese have been domesticated and widely cultivated in Northwest China for more than 600 years. L. ruthenicu is endemic to northwestern China and is regarded as a potential plant to control erosion because of its high salt-tolerance (Chen et al., 2013). Currently, Romania has the biggest cultivated area of L. barbarum plants in the European :union: (Mocan et al., 2018). Goji plant can handle a wide range of conditions (Patsilinakos et al., 2018). They prefer a moderately moist, well-drained soil, but they are also fairly drought tolerant. The berries will produce and ripen the best in full sun. The ancient Chinese have identified 11,146 medicinal species from 383 families and more than 400 of which are widely used throughout the world (Shahrajabian et al., 2018). Panax ginseng (Giseng) is a well-known herb in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) (Li et al., 2017). Panax means cure for all diseases, since it combines the Greek words "pan" meaning all and "zxos" meaning medicine (Jeong et al., 2012). In TCM, it is believed that food and medicine come from the same origin, but with different uses and applications (Chan et al., 2010). Therefore, it is common for Chinese people to incorporate different TCM herbs into their diet to produce various healthy food recipes to achieve better taste, more attractive appearance, improved texture of the food, and most importantly improved health (Guo et al., 2008).
Materials and Methods
This review article included randomized control experiments, review articles, as well as observational and analytical study designs, which have been surveyed in Google Scholar, Scopus, Research Gate, and PubMed using keywords including "Goji berry, Ginseng, Traditional Chinese Medicine, and Sustainable Agriculture". All relevant papers in English and Chinese were searched. All authors screened the articles by reviewing the titles, abstracts, and whole manuscripts.
Results
Goji berry as a super-food and super-fruit in Traditional Chinese Medicine and Modern Industry: Himalayan people were the first healers who recognized the power of Goji Berry and utilized berries of the Goji vine that flourished in valleys of the Himalayas for thousands of years. Some sources state that wolf berries have been used in TCM for at least 2000 years (Williamson et al., 2013). From a TCM point of view, the nature of Goji berry is calm and its flavour is sweet. According to TCM theory and practice, Goji berry can act on both the liver channel and kidney channel. Moreover, the major health benefits of Goji berry include its ability to nourish and tonify liver and kidney (Cieślik and Gębusia, 2012). It should be noted that Goji berry is used not only as a drug in TCM prescriptions to treat diseases but also as a popular food by Chinese people in their daily life for promotion of general health. According to the regulations of the China State Food and Drug Administration, Goji berry is one of the 87 TCM ingredients that can be used as both normal and functional foods (Bucheli et al., 2011, Fiorito et al., 2019). One theory about origin of the wolfberry stems from a speculation saying that Chinese farmers saw wolves sheltering among the dense Goji berry vines and called them so. Most of the world's Goji berry production centers are around areas in Northwestern China, where 200,000 acres of farmland are dedicated to Goji berry cultivation. Goji berry plantations can also be found in Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi (Zhu et al., 2016). Goji berries provide eight essential amino acids that the body cannot synthesize. One of the most important reasons for popularity of Goji berries is the fact that they contain a high concentration of an antioxidant called Zeaxanthin. According to various studies, a diet containing Goji berries can increase a person's Zeaxanthin levels by 26 percent. Goji berry is frequently added to soups, hot pots, and herbal teas. It is also popularly soaked in wines alone or together with other TCM ingredients to make functional wines (Zhang et al., 2015). Tang and Giusti reported that the fruit, known as black Goji is popular in TCM. On the basis of TCM view, Goji berry is mainly used in treating yin deficiency in liver and kidney. Dried Goji berry is commonly used in TCM preparations at a dose of 6-15 g, taken twice or thrice daily (Liu et al., 2004). This fruit can also be a part of a mix of Chinese herbs are ground as a fine powder and used in honey pills (a TCM formulation in which honey is used as the main excipient to make pills) of 15 g each. Goji berry is one of the most popular TCMs regulated as a foodstuff that is used in nutricosmetic products in China. Nutricosmetics are used for the promotion of skin and hair health. Only angelica and pearl powder are more frequently found in nutricosmetic products in China (Bucheli et al., 2011). Wojcieszek et al. reported that compounds identified in Goji berries are most likely to be responsible for better bioaccessibility of elements like copper and zinc to the human organism (Wojcieszek et al., 2017). The berries are also used in traditional Korean medicine, traditional Japanese medicine, and traditional Tibetan medicine (Cho et al., 2016). Goji Berry root bark is used for treating inflammation and certain skin diseases. Song et al. concluded that  L. barbarum and its taurine component are valuable medicinal herbs for preventing diabetic retinopathy (Song et al., 2011). Goji berries can provide almost twice vitamin A that a person needs in a day (Liu et al., 2018). It has almost a third of the daily recommended vitamin C. Moreover, Goji berries are rich in some important and essential minerals including iron and potassium. Potterat and Endes et al. reported that this crop includes essential oils, vitamins (A, A, and C), amino acids, mineral elements (K, P, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Na), and betaine (Endes et al., 2015, Potterat, 2010). Donno et al. mentioned that Goji berry is identified as a rich source of antioxidant compounds with health promoting properties comparable with other common fruit species. Recent studies have shown that antioxidant activities of some natural products are correlated with defense against oxidative stress and different human diseases including cancer, arteriosclerosis, and aging process (Donno et al., 2015). Nutritional value compounds of Goji are very diverse, including polysaccharides, carotenoids, polyphenols, essential oils, betaine, vitamins, amino acids, and oligo elements (Forino et al., 2016). Goji berries are rich in sugars (Montesano et al., 2016) and lipids (Blasi et al., 2017). Wojdylo et al. indicated that Goji carotenoids is natural, has nontoxic colorants to be used in drinks and cosmetics, and shows biological activity; for example, they act as antioxidants or precursors of vitamin A (Wojdyło et al., 2018). Xie et al. reported that Lycium Barbarum could be utilized as pharmaceutical for treatment and also as an ingredient in Chinese cooking (Xie et al., 2016). Cheng et al. reported that Goji berries have long been used to promote fertility as potent anti-aging and antioxidant agents. Goji berries are rich in ascorbic acid (approx. 42 mg/100 g) (Llorent-Martínez et al., 2013) , thiamine, riboflavin, and vitamins E, B1, B2, and B6 (Wojdyło et al., 2018). Furthermore, Goji berries contain carbohydrates (arabinose, rhamnose, xylose, galactose, mannose, and glucose) (Montesano et al., 2016) organic acids (malic acid, citric acid, shikmic acid and fumaric acid) (Mikulic‐Petkovsek et al., 2012), and many minerals (potassium, sodium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, calcium, zinc, and selenium) (Llorent-Martínez et al., 2013, Nile and Park, 2014). Goji berries are also comprised of fatty acids (hexadecanoic acid, linoleic acid and myristic acid) (Blasi et al., 2017) and amino acids (proline, betaine and taurine) (Potterat, 2010). Yun et al. indicated that the contents of nutritional components were significantly different in different tissues (Yun, 2001). The ratios of essential amino acids/total amino acids and ratios of essential amino acids/non-essential amino acids for the leaf, pollen, and flower were all higher than the criteria provided by FAO/WHO. The pollen and fruit contained highly unsaturated fatty acids. All tissues were good sources of mineral elements, polysaccharides, and phenolic compounds. Furthermore, they found that Ningxia wolfberry pollen, leaf, and flower can be a potential resource of nutrients for humans and animals. It is also effective on aging, increased metabolism, immune system, liver function, and glycemic control (Silva et al., 2017). Soares deSousa et al. (Soares deSousa et al., 2016) noted that Goji was rich in vitamins and minerals that protected the central nervous system, reduced the risk of glaucoma, had antitumor activity, prevented chronic diseases such as hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and hepatitis reduced fatigue, caused greater resistance in exercise, and had a strong effect on prevention of aging. It has been found that flavonoids from wolf berries protect the blood cells and mitochnodria against oxidative damage (Luo et al., 2004). Jin et al. demonstrated that L. barbarum polysaccharides have various important biological activities, such as antioxidant, immunomodulation, antitumor, neuroprotection, radioprotection, anti-diabetes, hepatoprotection, anti-osteoporosis, and antifatigue (Jin et al., 2013). Masci et al. also concluded that the purified components of Goji berry may be potentially useful as adjuvants in treating diabetes and its correlated illnesses. Wolfberry polysaccharides were reported to have antioxidant activity in vitro (Masci et al., 2018). A glucopyranoside and phenolic amides isolated from wolfberry root bark have also been found to have an inhibitory activity in vitro against human pathogenic bacteria and fungi. A human supplementation trial showed that daily intake of wolfberries increased plasma levels of zeaxanthin (Hempel et al., 2017). On the contrary, clinical studies conducted by regulatory authorities showed that studies conducted in the West were not scientifically verified. Some health benefits of Goji berry include boosted immune system and flu protection, potential weight loss aid, antioxidants for eyes and skin, balanced blood sugar, and increased testosterone. It also helps to restore body homeostasis and strengthen the body energy (Protti et al., 2017). The findings of Pehlivan Karakas et al. study shows that the methanol extract of L. barbarum has a significant effect on low levels of anxiety and depression like behaviors (Karakas et al., 2016). Their results also indicate that females seem to benefit from the methanol extract of L. barbarum more than males in terms of anxiety and depression like behaviors as well as spatial learning behavior (Karakas et al., 2016). Some researchers reported that the carotenoid profile of Goji berries was the subject of different reports; where, zeaxanthin-dipalmitate was confirmed as the major carotenoid of Goji berries (Fratianni et al., 2018). Fratianni et al. mentioned that the dried samples of Goji berries could be used as a dietary source of carotenoid worthy for development and utilization. Dried fruits can be eaten raw, used in confectionaries or in bakery products, added to trail mix, cereals, muffins, energy bars, or soups (Rosa et al., 2017). According to the findings, the dried fruits are red-orange, seeded, rich in vitamins of group B, C, E, contain 21 microelement including anticancer germanium (Llorent-Martínez et al., 2013), 18 amino acids (8 of which the human body does not produce), and 4 irreplaceable polysaccharides that do not exist in food products. Goji berries contain not only high amounts of antioxidants, carotenoids, vitamin A, and zeaxanthin, but also rich in vitamins B and C and polysaccharides (Skenderidis et al., 2018). In addition, flavonoids such as rutin, gentistic acid, and quercetin are the main active compounds present in the leaves of Lycium barbarum (Dermesonlouoglou et al., 2018). L. barbarum extracts were proven to possess prosperity biological activities such as anti-ageing effects, and increased metabolism, antioxidant properties, anti-diabetes, glucose control, immunomodulation, anti-glaucoma, neuroprotection, anti-fatigue/endurance, cytoprotection, and antitumour activity (Potterat, 2010). Numerous studies indicated the powerful antioxidant potentialities achieved from L. barbarum molecules that promote various health protective effects (Abdennacer et al., 2015). It is well documented that several traditional herbs and plant extracts have antioxidant properties and are potential candidates for the prevention and treatment of ROS-induced diseases (reactive oxygen species) (Leontopoulos et al., 2017). Some researches indicated that components of berry fruits, especially Goji berry may inhibit virus replication both directly and indirectly, for example by blocking surface flycoproteins of influenza virus and stimulating immune system of the organism. As a result, berry fruits, such as Goji berry are raw materials of potential use in the prevention and treatment of influenza (Grazma-Michalowska et al., 2017). The most important health benefits of Goji berry is presented in Table 1. Goji berries, dried nutrition facts, and analysis are represented in Table 2.
Micronutrients include the following:
  • 11 essential and 22 trace dietary minerals
  • 18 amino acids
  • 6 essential vitamins
  • 5 unsaturated fatty acids, including the essential fatty acids, linoleic acid, and alpha-liolenic acid
  • Beta-sitosterol and other phytosterols
  • 5 carotenoids, including beta-carotene and zeaxanthin (below), lutein, lycopene and cryptoxanthin, a xanthophyll
  • Numerous phenolic pigments (phenols) associated with antioxidant properties
Goji berries also contain numerous phytochemicals like:
  • Beta-carotene: 7 mg per 100 g dried fruit.
  • Zeaxanthin. Reported values for zeaxanthin content in dried wolfberries vary considerably from 25 mg per 100 g to 200 mg per 100 g. The higher values make wolfberry one of the richest edible plant sources known for zeaxanthin content. Up to 77% of the total carotenoids present in wolfberry exist as zeaxanthin (Fratianni et al., 2018).
Ginseng in traditional Chinese medicine: Traditional Chinese medicines originate in ancient China with a 5000-year history. They are rooted in ancient Eastern philosophies such as Taoism and focus on a holistic view between humans and nature. Through the observations of universal principles within the nature, TCM inquiries from a macro level into the microcosm of human physiology and the mutual relationships between our body's internal workings and the external environment (Cheung et al., 2017). Traditional Chinese medicine is still commonly used in China. More than half of the population regularly uses traditional remedies, with the highest prevalence of use in the rural areas. About 5000 traditional remedies are available in China; they account for approximately one fifth of the entire Chinese pharmaceutical market. P. quinquefolius is used in TCM to treat deficiency conditions associated with symptoms such as fatigue, irritability, thirst, and dryness of the mouth and respiratory tract (Chen et al., 2004). The most important common names of ginseng in different parts of world are American ginseng, finger root, sang, tartar root, red berry, man's health, root of life, dwarf groundnut, garantogen, jinshard, ninsin, little man, and garent-oquen. The name "ginseng" originates from the Chinese word "Jen Sheng" and means man herb because of the human-like shape of the root or rhizome of the plant. The word Panax means cure all and describes the traditional belief that ginseng has properties that heal all bodily diseases (Kim et al., 2018). Currently, 14 plants including 12 species and two infraspecific taxa, have been classified under the genus Panax (Shin et al., 2015). The three major commercial ginseng sorts are the Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer), the Chinese ginseng (Panax notoginseng (Burk.). F. H.), and the American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.), used worldwide as herbal medicines for thousands of years. Ginseng is also part of Sasang Constitution Medicine and Korean Oriental Medicine. Recent studies have shown that processing ginseng alters its chemical profile and may change its properties and pharmacological activities (Wan et al., 2015). The origin of ginseng dates back to prehistory. In China, Shennong (Divine Peasant), is also known as Emperor Yan, the Yellow Emperor, one of the three Emperors, and the Emperor who is said to have started herbal medicine about 5500 years ago. Shennong tasted hundreds of plants to discover many medicinal herbs. As a result, 365 kinds of herbs were listed and divided into three classes according to their degree of toxicity (Yun, 2001). The superior ones are non-toxic and serve to reinforce vital energy, which can be taken regularly.
Bioactive phytochemicals of ginseng and their therapeutic roles: Panax ginseng constitutes of organic (80%-90%) and inorganic substances (approximately 10%) and consists of a number of active constituents, such as saponins or ginsenosides, carbohydrates, nitrogenous substances, phytosterol, essential oils, organic acids, amino acids, peptidoglycans, carbohydrate, nitrogen-containing compounds, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and other phenolic compounds (Beccaria et al., 2018). Lakshmi et al. mentioned that the use of medicinal plant either as a single drug or in combination is helpful in the health of human being (Lakshmi et al., 2011). Medicinal plants can be important sources of previously unknown chemical substances with potential therapeutic effect. They have shown that the main active components of Panax ginseng are ginsenosides, which have been shown to have a variety of beneficial effects. Ginsenosides are classified into two main groups known as protopanaxadiol (PPD) and protopanaxatriol (PPT), based on the hydroxylation pattern at C6 and attachment of sugar moieties (Pace et al., 2015). Panax bioactive phytochemicals and their proven therapeutic roles are presented in Table 3.
Patel and Rauf also mentioned antioxidant, anti-inflammation, anti-fatigue, anti-diabetic, anti-tumor, immunomodulation, anti-obesity, cardioprotective, anti-microbial, neuroprotective, and aphrodisiac properties (Patel and Rauf, 2017). They introduced ginseng as a complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). Ginseng polysaccharides composed of starch-like glucan and pectin with pectin accounting for around 20% of water-soluble polysaccharides (Sun et al., 2019). Ginsenosides are distributed in many parts of the ginseng plant including root, leaf, and berry (Kim et al., 2014). Different parts of the plant contain distinct ginsenoside profiles, which may exhibit different pharmacological activities (Kim et al., 2014). Shi et al. revealed that the leaf and root hair contain higher ginsenoside levels than the root (Shi et al., 2007). Wan et al. concluded that the contents of malonyl ginsenosides, amino acids, and polysaccharides are ranked as fresh ginseng > frozen ginseng > white ginseng > stoved ginseng > red ginseng > black ginseng based on a decreasing order (Wan et al., 2015). They also mentioned that more attention should be paid to processing to control the quality of ginseng products. A lot of studies were conducted on the pharmacological properties of Ginseng extract such as lipid-lowering, anti-allergic, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemis and anti-stress, anti-aging, anti-diabetic, anti-carcinogenic, anti-fatigue, anti-adhesive, anti-depressive, hypocholesterolemic and hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective activities, immune-modulatory activities, improving working memory and perceptual systems, stimulation and inhibition of central nervous system, and inhibiting the growth of tumor cells, especially in female reproductive system (Balusamy et al., 2019). Kim et al. confirmed use of Ginseng as an anti-oxidant supplement (Kim et al., 2011). Kim et al. also found that P. ginseng might be a potential alternative medicine for the prevention and treatment of natural aging-induced osteoporosis in human (Kim et al., 2018). Kuo et al. reported that glutamine and arginine were the two major free proteinogenic amino acids in the ginseng plants and constituted over 50% of all the free amino acids detected in the root (Kuo et al., 2003). Uluisik and Keskin Panax ginseng root powder may be useful for hepatic damage and fibrosis associated with high cholesterol diet (Uluisik and Keskin, 2016). These beneficial effects of ginseng on liver enzymes are attributed to its active components knows as ginsenosides. Lee and Rhee reported potential use of ginseng in prevention and treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and allergic asthma (Lee and Rhee, 2017). Qi et al. found that ginseng appears to be a promising radio-protector and is capable of attenuating the deleterious effects of radiation on normal human tissue, especially for cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy that might be associated with its anti-oxidation and immunomodulation properties (Wan et al., 2015). Key points of Panax ginseg is shown in Table 4. Concentration of medical ingredients (Comparison of saponin in ginsengs of various sources) is shown in Table 5.


Conclusion
Goji berry is used in food and culinary, Wolfberries have long played important roles in TCM, since they are believed to enhance immune system function, improve eyesight, protect liver, boost sperm production, and improve circulation among other effects. The northwest regions of China are among the main producing areas of L. barbarum, including Xinjiang, Tibet, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, and Gansu. Currently, China is the major supplier of L. barbaru products in the world. In China, Goji berries are collected and prepared as a decoction or ground into a powder and mixed with other herbs. Goji berry is widely used as a functional food, mainly for its antioxidant action due to a high content of vitamin C. Anti-aging, antioxidant, immunomodulating, hypotensive, antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-diabetic, neuroprotective, and anticancer properties have been associated with L. barbarum. In TCM science, it has been reported that this crop is good to improve eyesight and to strengthen the liver and kidney. L. barbarum contains polysaccharides, carotenoids, including zeaxanthin, vitamins, and flavonoids. The roots contain alkaloids, flavonoids, betaine, and vitamins E, B1, B2 and B6. Additionally, Goji berries are rich in ascorbic acid, thiamine, and riboflavin. Moreover, Goji berries contain carbohydrates such as arabinose, rhamnose, xylose, galactose, mannose and glucose, organic acids namely malic acid, citric acid, shikimic acid, and fumaric acid, and many minerals like potassium, sodium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, calcium, zinc, and selenium. Now, Goji is enjoying the enormous popularity worldwide after it was made into Goji berry tea, bars, beer, cookies, cuttings, dessert, drinks, eye cream, extract, powder, essential oil, facial cream, face mask, jelly, smoothie, jam, muffin, supplement, tablets, and etc. Ginseng is known to possess various biological activities including boosting the immune system, improving the blood circulation, and enhancing memory, antifatigue effects, antioxidant effects, and causing positive effects on menopausal disorder. Ginseng contains saponing, an element of glycosides; nitrogenous compounds such as protein, amino acid, nucleic acid, and alkaloid; fat-soluble ingredients such as fatty acid, ethernal oil, polyacetylene, phenolic compound, phytosterol and terpenoid; sacchardies such as monose, oligosaccharide, polysaccharide and pectin; vitamins and inorganic substances; and many other useful ingredients. Ginsenosides are usually divided into three groups: (1) the PPD ginsenosides, (2) the PPT ginsenosides, and (3) the oleanonic acid-type saponins; five major ginsenosides, Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Re, and Rg1, which belong to the PPD and PPT types, constituting more than 80% of all ginsenosides. Several pharmacological activities have been reported for ginseng extracts including its effects on the central nervous system; antipsychotic action; tranquilizing effects; protection from stress ulcers; increase of gastrointestinal motility; anti-fatigue action; endocrinological effects; enhancement of sexual behaviour; acceleration of metabolism; or synthesis of carbohydrates, lipids, RNA, and proteins. All in all, this review article allowed verifying that Goji berries and Ginseng were sources of compounds with valuable nutritional and bioactive properties; therefore, they could be useful for incorporation into foods with functional properties. Goji berries and ginseng could also provide industrial sustainability and may be considered as organic superfood and superfruit in not only Asian countries but also western countries.
Acknowledgements
The sincere gratitude is owed to Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science in Beijing, and Nitrogen Fixation Laboratory, Qi Institute, Building C4, No. 555 Chuangye, Jiaxing in Zhejian, China for their continuous support and cooperation.
Authors' contributions
This manuscript was suggested and conducted by Qi Cheng, Wenli Sun and Mohamad Hesam Shahrajabian conducted and wrote the review article and Qi Cheng supervised the findings of this research. All authors read the manuscript and confirmed it for publication.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest in this study.
 
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Hempel J, et al. 2017. Ultrastructural deposition forms and bioaccessibility of carotenoids and carotenoid esters from goji berries (Lycium barbarum L.). Food chemistry. 218: 525-533.
Huang W, Liao S, Lv H, Khaldun A & Wang Y 2015. Characterization of the growth and fruit quality of tomato grafted on a woody medicinal plant, Lycium chinense. Scientia horticulturae. 197: 447-453.
Jeong HC, et al. 2012. The research trend of ginseng processing technology and the status of ginseng industry. Food Science and Industry. 45 (4): 59-67.
Jin M, Huang Q, Zhao K & Shang P 2013. Biological activities and potential health benefit effects of polysaccharides isolated from Lycium barbarum L. International journal of biological macromolecules. 54: 16-23.
Karakas FP, Coskun H, Saglam K & Bozat B 2016. Lycium barbarum L.(goji berry) fruits improve anxiety, depression-like behaviors, and learning performance: the moderating role of sex. Turkish journal of biology. 40 (4): 762-771.
Kim H-G, et al. 2011. Antioxidant effects of Panax ginseng CA Meyer in healthy subjects: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Food and chemical Ttxicology. 49 (9): 2229-2235.
Kim H-J, et al. 2018. In vitro assessments of bone microcomputed tomography in an aged male rat model supplemented with Panax ginseng. Saudi journal of biological sciences. 25 (6): 1135-1139.
Kim Y-J, et al. 2014. Ginsenoside profiles and related gene expression during foliation in Panax ginseng Meyer. Journal of ginseng research. 38 (1): 66-72.
Kuo Y-H, Ikegami F & Lambein F 2003. Neuroactive and other free amino acids in seed and young plants of Panax ginseng. Phytochemistry. 62 (7): 1087-1091.
Lakshmi T, Roy A & Geetha R 2011. Panax ginseng–a universal panacea in the herbal medicine with diverse pharmacological spectrum–a review. Asian journal of pharmaceutical and clinical research. 4 (1): 14-18.
Lee S & Rhee D-K 2017. Effects of ginseng on stress-related depression, anxiety, and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Journal of ginseng research. 41 (4): 589-594.
Leontopoulos S, Skenderidis P, Kalorizou H & Petrotos K 2017. Bioactivity Potential of polyphenolic compounds in human health and their effectiveness against various food borne and plant pathogens. A Review. International journal of food and biosystems engineering,. 7: 1-19.
Li M-R, et al. 2017. Genome-wide variation patterns uncover the origin and selection in cultivated ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer). Genome biology and evolution. 9 (9): 2159-2169.
Liu C, Tseng A & Yang S 2004. Chinese herbal medicine: modern applications of traditional formulas. CRC Press.
Liu S-Y, Chen L, Li X-C, Hu Q-K & He L-J 2018. Lycium barbarum polysaccharide protects diabetic peripheral neuropathy by enhancing autophagy via mTOR/p70S6K inhibition in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of chemical neuroanatomy. 89: 37-42.
Llorent-Martínez E, Fernández-de Córdova M, Ortega-Barrales P & Ruiz-Medina A 2013. Characterization and comparison of the chemical composition of exotic superfoods. Microchemical Journal. 110: 444-451.
Luo Q, Cai Y, Yan J, Sun M & Corke H 2004. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects and antioxidant activity of fruit extracts from Lycium barbarum. Life sciences. 76 (2): 137-149.
Masci A, et al. 2018. Lycium barbarum polysaccharides: Extraction, purification, structural characterisation and evidence about hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects. A review. Food chemistry. 254: 377-389.
Mikulic‐Petkovsek M, Schmitzer V, Slatnar A, Stampar F & Veberic R 2012. Composition of sugars, organic acids, and total phenolics in 25 wild or cultivated berry species. Journal of food science. 77 (10): C1064-C1070.
Miller JS, Levin RA & Feliciano NM 2008. A tale of two continents: Baker's rule and the maintenance of self‐incompatibility in Lycium (Solanaceae). Evolution: International journal of oganic evolution. 62 (5): 1052-1065.
Mocan A, et al. 2018. UHPLC-QTOF-MS analysis of bioactive constituents from two Romanian Goji (Lycium barbarum L.) berries cultivars and their antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, and real-time cytotoxicological evaluation. Food and chemical toxicology. 115: 414-424.
Montesano D, et al. 2016. A simple HPLC-ELSD method for sugar analysis in goji berry. Journal of chemistry. 2016.
Nile SH & Park SW 2014. Edible berries: Bioactive components and their effect on human health. Nutrition. 30 (2): 134-144.
Pace R, Martinelli EM, Sardone N & Combarieu ED 2015. Metabolomic evaluation of ginsenosides distribution in Panax genus (Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius) using multivariate statistical analysis. Fitoterapia. 101: 80-91.
Patel S & Rauf A 2017. Adaptogenic herb ginseng (Panax) as medical food: Status quo and future prospects. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy. 85: 120-127.
Patsilinakos A, Ragno R, Carradori S, Petralito S & Cesa S 2018. Carotenoid content of Goji berries: CIELAB, HPLC-DAD analyses and quantitative correlation. Food chemistry. 268: 49-56.
Potterat O 2010. Goji (Lycium barbarum and L. chinense): phytochemistry, pharmacology and safety in the perspective of traditional uses and recent popularity. Planta medica. 76 (01): 7-19.
Protti M, et al. 2017. Analytical profiling of selected antioxidants and total antioxidant capacity of goji (Lycium spp.) berries. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. 143: 252-260.
Redgwell RJ, et al. 2011. Cell wall polysaccharides of Chinese Wolfberry (Lycium barbarum): Part 2. Characterisation of arabinogalactan-proteins. Carbohydrate polymers. 84 (3): 1075-1083.
Rosa A, et al. 2017. Chemical composition of Lycium europaeum fruit oil obtained by supercritical CO2 extraction and evaluation of its antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity and cell absorption. Food chemistry. 230: 82-90.
Shahrajabian M, Wenli S & Qi C 2018. A review of Goji berry (Lycium barbarum) in traditional Chinese medicine as a promising organic superfood and superfruit in modern industry. Journal of mdicinal plants research. 6 (12): 437-445.
Shi W, Wang Y, Li J, Zhang H & Ding L 2007. Investigation of ginsenosides in different parts and ages of Panax ginseng. Food chemistry. 102 (3): 664-668.
Shin B-K, Kwon SW & Park JH 2015. Chemical diversity of ginseng saponins from Panax ginseng. Journal of ginseng research. 39 (4): 287-298.
Silva C, et al. 2017. Goji Berry (Lycium Barbarum) in the treatment of diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Food research. 1 (6): 221-224.
Skenderidis P, et al. 2018. Assessment of the antioxidant and antimutagenic activity of extracts from goji berry of Greek cultivation. Toxicology reports. 5: 251-257.
Soares deSousa L, et al. 2016. Evaluate the action of the aqueous extract of the medicinal plant Goji Berry (Lycium barbarum) on biochemical and hematological parameters in Wistar rats. IOSR journal of pharmacy and biological sciences. 11 (5): 2312-7676.
Song M, Salam NK, Roufogalis BD & Huang TH-W 2011. Lycium barbarum (Goji Berry) extracts and its taurine component inhibit PPAR-γ-dependent gene transcription in human retinal pigment epithelial cells: possible implications for diabetic retinopathy treatment. Biochemical pharmacology. 82 (9): 1209-1218.
Sun L, et al. 2019. Structural characterization of rhamnogalacturonan domains from Panax ginseng CA Meyer. Carbohydrate polymers. 203: 119-127.
Uluisik D & Keskin E 2016. Hepatoprotective effects of ginseng in rats fed cholesterol rich diet. Acta scientiae veterinariae. 44: 1-5.
Wan J-Y, et al. 2015. Integrated evaluation of malonyl ginsenosides, amino acids and polysaccharides in fresh and processed ginseng. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. 107: 89-97.
Williamson EM, Lorenc A, Booker A & Robinson N 2013. The rise of traditional Chinese medicine and its materia medica: a comparison of the frequency and safety of materials and species used in Europe and China. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 149 (2): 453-462.
Wojcieszek J, Kwiatkowski P & Ruzik L 2017. Speciation analysis and bioaccessibility evaluation of trace elements in goji berries (Lycium Barbarum, L.). Journal of chromatography A. 1492: 70-78.
Wojdyło A, Nowicka P & Bąbelewski P 2018. Phenolic and carotenoid profile of new goji cultivars and their anti-hyperglycemic, anti-aging and antioxidant properties. Journal of functional foods. 48: 632-642.
Xie J-H, Tang W, Jin M-L, Li J-E & Xie M-Y 2016. Recent advances in bioactive polysaccharides from Lycium barbarum L., Zizyphus jujuba Mill, Plantago spp., and Morus spp.: Structures and functionalities. Food hydrocolloids. 60: 148-160.
Yun TK 2001. Brief introduction of Panax ginseng CA Meyer. Journal of Korean medical science. 16 (Suppl): S3.
Zhang J, Tian L & Xie B 2015. Bleeding due to a probable interaction between warfarin and Gouqizi (Lycium Barbarum L.). Toxicology reports. 2: 1209-1212.
Zhu Y, et al. 2016. Lycium barbarum polysaccharides attenuates N-methy-N-nitrosourea-induced photoreceptor cell apoptosis in rats through regulation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and caspase expression. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 191: 125-134.

 
Type of article: review article | Subject: public specific
Received: 2019/02/20 | Published: 2019/11/1 | ePublished: 2019/11/1

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22. Hempel J, et al. 2017. Ultrastructural deposition forms and bioaccessibility of carotenoids and carotenoid esters from goji berries (Lycium barbarum L.). Food chemistry. 218: 525-533.
23. Huang W, Liao S, Lv H, Khaldun A & Wang Y 2015. Characterization of the growth and fruit quality of tomato grafted on a woody medicinal plant, Lycium chinense. Scientia horticulturae. 197: 447-453.
24. Jeong HC, et al. 2012. The research trend of ginseng processing technology and the status of ginseng industry. Food Science and Industry. 45 (4): 59-67.
25. Jin M, Huang Q, Zhao K & Shang P 2013. Biological activities and potential health benefit effects of polysaccharides isolated from Lycium barbarum L. International journal of biological macromolecules. 54: 16-23.
26. Karakas FP, Coskun H, Saglam K & Bozat B 2016. Lycium barbarum L.(goji berry) fruits improve anxiety, depression-like behaviors, and learning performance: the moderating role of sex. Turkish journal of biology. 40 (4): 762-771.
27. Kim H-G, et al. 2011. Antioxidant effects of Panax ginseng CA Meyer in healthy subjects: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Food and chemical Ttxicology. 49 (9): 2229-2235.
28. Kim H-J, et al. 2018. In vitro assessments of bone microcomputed tomography in an aged male rat model supplemented with Panax ginseng. Saudi journal of biological sciences. 25 (6): 1135-1139.
29. Kim Y-J, et al. 2014. Ginsenoside profiles and related gene expression during foliation in Panax ginseng Meyer. Journal of ginseng research. 38 (1): 66-72.
30. Kuo Y-H, Ikegami F & Lambein F 2003. Neuroactive and other free amino acids in seed and young plants of Panax ginseng. Phytochemistry. 62 (7): 1087-1091.
31. Lakshmi T, Roy A & Geetha R 2011. Panax ginseng–a universal panacea in the herbal medicine with diverse pharmacological spectrum–a review. Asian journal of pharmaceutical and clinical research. 4 (1): 14-18.
32. Lee S & Rhee D-K 2017. Effects of ginseng on stress-related depression, anxiety, and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Journal of ginseng research. 41 (4): 589-594.
33. Leontopoulos S, Skenderidis P, Kalorizou H & Petrotos K 2017. Bioactivity Potential of polyphenolic compounds in human health and their effectiveness against various food borne and plant pathogens. A Review. International journal of food and biosystems engineering,. 7: 1-19.
34. Li M-R, et al. 2017. Genome-wide variation patterns uncover the origin and selection in cultivated ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer). Genome biology and evolution. 9 (9): 2159-2169.
35. Liu C, Tseng A & Yang S 2004. Chinese herbal medicine: modern applications of traditional formulas. CRC Press.
36. Liu S-Y, Chen L, Li X-C, Hu Q-K & He L-J 2018. Lycium barbarum polysaccharide protects diabetic peripheral neuropathy by enhancing autophagy via mTOR/p70S6K inhibition in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of chemical neuroanatomy. 89: 37-42.
37. Llorent-Martínez E, Fernández-de Córdova M, Ortega-Barrales P & Ruiz-Medina A 2013. Characterization and comparison of the chemical composition of exotic superfoods. Microchemical Journal. 110: 444-451.
38. Luo Q, Cai Y, Yan J, Sun M & Corke H 2004. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects and antioxidant activity of fruit extracts from Lycium barbarum. Life sciences. 76 (2): 137-149.
39. Masci A, et al. 2018. Lycium barbarum polysaccharides: Extraction, purification, structural characterisation and evidence about hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects. A review. Food chemistry. 254: 377-389.
40. Mikulic‐Petkovsek M, Schmitzer V, Slatnar A, Stampar F & Veberic R 2012. Composition of sugars, organic acids, and total phenolics in 25 wild or cultivated berry species. Journal of food science. 77 (10): C1064-C1070.
41. Miller JS, Levin RA & Feliciano NM 2008. A tale of two continents: Baker's rule and the maintenance of self‐incompatibility in Lycium (Solanaceae). Evolution: International journal of oganic evolution. 62 (5): 1052-1065.
42. Mocan A, et al. 2018. UHPLC-QTOF-MS analysis of bioactive constituents from two Romanian Goji (Lycium barbarum L.) berries cultivars and their antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, and real-time cytotoxicological evaluation. Food and chemical toxicology. 115: 414-424.
43. Montesano D, et al. 2016. A simple HPLC-ELSD method for sugar analysis in goji berry. Journal of chemistry. 2016.
44. Nile SH & Park SW 2014. Edible berries: Bioactive components and their effect on human health. Nutrition. 30 (2): 134-144.
45. Pace R, Martinelli EM, Sardone N & Combarieu ED 2015. Metabolomic evaluation of ginsenosides distribution in Panax genus (Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius) using multivariate statistical analysis. Fitoterapia. 101: 80-91.
46. Patel S & Rauf A 2017. Adaptogenic herb ginseng (Panax) as medical food: Status quo and future prospects. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy. 85: 120-127.
47. Patsilinakos A, Ragno R, Carradori S, Petralito S & Cesa S 2018. Carotenoid content of Goji berries: CIELAB, HPLC-DAD analyses and quantitative correlation. Food chemistry. 268: 49-56.
48. Potterat O 2010. Goji (Lycium barbarum and L. chinense): phytochemistry, pharmacology and safety in the perspective of traditional uses and recent popularity. Planta medica. 76 (01): 7-19.
49. Protti M, et al. 2017. Analytical profiling of selected antioxidants and total antioxidant capacity of goji (Lycium spp.) berries. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. 143: 252-260.
50. Redgwell RJ, et al. 2011. Cell wall polysaccharides of Chinese Wolfberry (Lycium barbarum): Part 2. Characterisation of arabinogalactan-proteins. Carbohydrate polymers. 84 (3): 1075-1083.
51. Rosa A, et al. 2017. Chemical composition of Lycium europaeum fruit oil obtained by supercritical CO2 extraction and evaluation of its antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity and cell absorption. Food chemistry. 230: 82-90.
52. Shahrajabian M, Wenli S & Qi C 2018. A review of Goji berry (Lycium barbarum) in traditional Chinese medicine as a promising organic superfood and superfruit in modern industry. Journal of mdicinal plants research. 6 (12): 437-445.
53. Shi W, Wang Y, Li J, Zhang H & Ding L 2007. Investigation of ginsenosides in different parts and ages of Panax ginseng. Food chemistry. 102 (3): 664-668.
54. Shin B-K, Kwon SW & Park JH 2015. Chemical diversity of ginseng saponins from Panax ginseng. Journal of ginseng research. 39 (4): 287-298.
55. Silva C, et al. 2017. Goji Berry (Lycium Barbarum) in the treatment of diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Food research. 1 (6): 221-224.
56. Skenderidis P, et al. 2018. Assessment of the antioxidant and antimutagenic activity of extracts from goji berry of Greek cultivation. Toxicology reports. 5: 251-257.
57. Soares deSousa L, et al. 2016. Evaluate the action of the aqueous extract of the medicinal plant Goji Berry (Lycium barbarum) on biochemical and hematological parameters in Wistar rats. IOSR journal of pharmacy and biological sciences. 11 (5): 2312-7676.
58. Song M, Salam NK, Roufogalis BD & Huang TH-W 2011. Lycium barbarum (Goji Berry) extracts and its taurine component inhibit PPAR-γ-dependent gene transcription in human retinal pigment epithelial cells: possible implications for diabetic retinopathy treatment. Biochemical pharmacology. 82 (9): 1209-1218.
59. Sun L, et al. 2019. Structural characterization of rhamnogalacturonan domains from Panax ginseng CA Meyer. Carbohydrate polymers. 203: 119-127.
60. Uluisik D & Keskin E 2016. Hepatoprotective effects of ginseng in rats fed cholesterol rich diet. Acta scientiae veterinariae. 44: 1-5.
61. Wan J-Y, et al. 2015. Integrated evaluation of malonyl ginsenosides, amino acids and polysaccharides in fresh and processed ginseng. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. 107: 89-97.
62. Williamson EM, Lorenc A, Booker A & Robinson N 2013. The rise of traditional Chinese medicine and its materia medica: a comparison of the frequency and safety of materials and species used in Europe and China. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 149 (2): 453-462.
63. Wojcieszek J, Kwiatkowski P & Ruzik L 2017. Speciation analysis and bioaccessibility evaluation of trace elements in goji berries (Lycium Barbarum, L.). Journal of chromatography A. 1492: 70-78.
64. Wojdyło A, Nowicka P & Bąbelewski P 2018. Phenolic and carotenoid profile of new goji cultivars and their anti-hyperglycemic, anti-aging and antioxidant properties. Journal of functional foods. 48: 632-642.
65. Xie J-H, Tang W, Jin M-L, Li J-E & Xie M-Y 2016. Recent advances in bioactive polysaccharides from Lycium barbarum L., Zizyphus jujuba Mill, Plantago spp., and Morus spp.: Structures and functionalities. Food hydrocolloids. 60: 148-160.
66. Yun TK 2001. Brief introduction of Panax ginseng CA Meyer. Journal of Korean medical science. 16 (Suppl): S3.
67. Zhang J, Tian L & Xie B 2015. Bleeding due to a probable interaction between warfarin and Gouqizi (Lycium Barbarum L.). Toxicology reports. 2: 1209-1212.
68. Zhu Y, et al. 2016. Lycium barbarum polysaccharides attenuates N-methy-N-nitrosourea-induced photoreceptor cell apoptosis in rats through regulation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and caspase expression. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 191: 125-134.

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