Volume 2, Issue 4 (Nov 2017)                   JNFS 2017, 2(4): 318-323 | Back to browse issues page

XML Print


Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:

Hemamy M, Mohammad Parast V, Askari G. Effect of Magnesium Supplementation on Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) . JNFS 2017; 2 (4) :318-323
URL: http://jnfs.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-115-en.html
Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Full-Text [PDF 367 kb]   (1718 Downloads)     |   Abstract (HTML)  (4260 Views)
Full-Text:   (1173 Views)
Effect of Magnesium Supplementation on Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
 
Mostafa Hemamy; MSc1, Vida Mohammad Parast; MSc2 & Gholamreza Askari; MD, PhD*3
 
1 Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
 
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
MINI REVIEW  
Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common behavioral disorders in children and youths. The prevalence of this disorder was reported between 5-10% in literature. Children with ADHD are characterized by hyperactivity, lack of attention, and impulsivity. The aim of this review was to overview the role of magnesium supplementation in the treatment of ADHD. Methods: Data bases including PubMed, Scopus, Sciencedirect, Web of science, and Google scholar were searched by using these keywords: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD, and Magnesium. The related observational and interventional studies published up to February 2017 were extracted and used. Results: Recent studies suggest that ADHD symptoms may have contribution in nutrients' status in body, such as magnesium. While most of these studies suggest a low magnesium level in children with ADHD, there have not been enough well-designed controlled clinical trials to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of magnesium supplementation or dietary magnesium interventions as a treatment. Conclusions: Considering the contradictory findings about the magnesium and ADHD, magnesium therapy in children with ADHD is not recommended until enough well-designed studies are provided. 
 
Keywords: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Magnesium; Supplementation; Treatment
Article history:
Received: 24 Feb 2017
Revised: 17 Apr 2017
Accepted: 20 May 2017
 
*Corresponding author:
Askari@mui.ac.ir
Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition & Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
 
Postal code: 81745
Tel: +98 313 79233171
 
 
Introduction
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common behavioral disorders in children and youths. The prevalence
 
of this disorder is almost 5% (Faraone and Doyle, 2001) and can increase even up to 10% (Rowland et al., 2002). Children with ADHD are symptomatologically characterized by hyperactivity, lack of attention, and impulsivity (Biederman et al., 1991). The clinical presentation of ADHD depends on gender, disruptive behaviors, and comorbid disorders, which are more common in boys than girls (Biederman et al., 2002). Although evidences indicate that ADHD is a highly genetic disease, environmental risk factors also have been reported as effective. Chemical exposures, prenatal substance exposures, lifestyle, psychosocial, and nutritional factors are some of these risk factors (Goldstein, 2009). Based on the recent investigations, nutrients can be important in the expression and treatment of ADHD. In addition, some studies suggest that ADHD symptoms may have contribution in nutrient levels (Arnold et al., 2011, Milte et al., 2012, Nigg et al., 2012). Some of these nutrients include zinc, iron, vitamin D, and magnesium (Villagomez and Ramtekkar, 2014).
Magnesium is an essential factor for all the living organisms. Regular intake of magnesium is essential for humans to prevent from its deficiency. Regarding the magnesium’s various functions within the human body, it is necessary to prevent and treat various diseases. Decreased magnesium levels are in association with chronic diseases,
such as asthma, ADHD, type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, hypertension, Alzheimer’s disease, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular disease (e.g., stroke) (Song et al., 2005).
 The function of almost 325 enzymes is relevant to magnesium (Eby and Eby, 2010). In mouse samples, magnesium affects the dopaminergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic receptors (Cardoso et al., 2009). The effect of dopaminergic and noradrenergic receptors on etiology of ADHD has been recently studied (Del Campo et al., 2011, Wu et al., 2012). There are contradictory evidences about the magnesium and ADHD pathophysiology, ADHD-involved neurotransmitters and stimulants effect on magnesium status in ADHD children and youths, as well as safety recommendations. So, investigating the effect of magnesium in handling ADHD is highly required (Archana et al., 2012, Irmisch et al., 2011, Mahmoud et al., 2011, Nogovitsina and Levitina, 2007). The aim of this review is to overview the role of magnesium supplementation in treatment of ADHD.
Materials and Methods
The related articles published up to February 2017 were extracted through searching electronic databases of PubMed, Scopus, Sciencedirect,
Web of science, and Google scholar. The search was conducted without any constraints. The following keywords were used: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD, and Magnesium. English abstracts of non-English language articles were provided so that their results can be used in the study. Observational studies and interventional studies (clinical trials) were extracted and included in the research.
Results
A total number of 116 articles were screened, 6 of them were duplicated and 103 of them were irrelevant. Generally, interventions by administering magnesium supplements were reported in seven articles (El Baza et al., 2016, Huss et al., 2010, Mousain-Bosc et al., 2006, Mousain-Bosc et al., 2004, Nogovitsina and Levitina, 2006a, Starobrat-Hermelin, 1998, Starobrat-Hermelin and Kozielec, 1997). Only one magnesium monotherapy study was found (El Baza et al., 2016) and two articles were not in English (Nogovitsina and Levitina, 2006a, Starobrat-Hermelin, 1998). Therefore, the studies including multinutrient formulas with magnesium were reviewed.
A clinical examination of 122 children aged 6-11 years among senior schoolchildren in Nefteyugansk, Russia in 2006 showed a low serum magnesium level in these children. Furthermore, magnesium levels in erythrocytes and Mg (2+)-ATPase activity were decreased significantly (Nogovitsina and Levitina, 2006b). In 2009, a case-control study compared 20 children with ADHD with 20 healthy children aged 5-12 years old. Protein thiols and pseudocholinesterase as well as ceruloplasmin and magnesium levels were measured in saliva as antioxidant indicators. Protein thiols and Pseudocholinesterase levels increased while ceruloplasmin levels did not change significantly. A significant low salivary magnesium was observed (Archana et al., 2012). In another case-control study on 58 children with ADHD (in three subgroups: 32 children with inattentive type/10 children with hyperactive type/16 children with combined type) and 25 healthy controls in 2011, it was revealed that zinc, ferritin, and magnesium levels were lower than normal in children with ADHD while copper levels were normal. Zinc in all subgroups, ferritin in both inattentive and hyperactive subgroups, and magnesium in both hyperactive and combined subgroups were subnormal (Mahmoud et al., 2011).
Despite the findings of mentioned studies, two studies indicated an elevated serum magnesium level in children with ADHD. The first investigation was a case-control study conducted on 35 children with ADHD compared with 112 healthy controls in two phases. The frequency and severity of skin/thirst symptoms in phase 1 and biological evidence of eicosapentaenoic acid (EFA) insufficiency in phase 2 were evaluated. Serum ferritin, magnesium, and ascorbate levels were higher in children with ADHD, but iron, zinc, and vitamin B6 status were not different significantly (Antalis et al., 2006). The second case-control study was carried out on 9 children with ADHD versus 11 healthy participants. In this study serum lipid profile, lipoproteins, and magnesium were evaluated. The serum magnesium and HDL were elevated while Apo B levels were reduced (Irmisch et al., 2011).  
The effect of magnesium supplementation on ADHD symptoms: in a controlled clinical trial study, a group of 50 children were selected; 25 participants received standard treatment and magnesium supplementation, while the other half received only standard treatment. All the participants with ADHD were magnesium deficient. In this trial, standard treatment along with magnesium supplementation resulted to a decline in hyperactivity; on the contrary, standard treatment alone resulted to an increase in hyperactivity (Starobrat-Hermelin and Kozielec, 1997).
In another study a formula consisting of poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in combination with zinc and magnesium was used. In this regard, 810 children with ADHD in the age range of 5-12 years were investigated for three months to evaluate the effect of supplementation on ADHD symptoms. Both inattentiveness and hyperactivity/ impulsivity decreased significantly during the study (Huss et al., 2010).
An open label study was conducted on 52 children with ADHD aged 0 to 17 years. In this trial, magnesium at a dose of 6 mg/kg/day for a period of one to six months was prescribed. After taking the regimen, intraerythrocyte magnesium level reached normal level during two months but scholar inattention decreased during four months in almost 57% of children (Mousain-Bosc et al., 2004).
Another open label study on 76 children with ADHD (intervention: 40/ control: 36) showed a significant reduction in hyperactivity and inattentiveness along with increase in the serum magnesium level after following a Magnesium-vitamin B6 regimen (6 mg/kg/day magnesium, 0.6 mg/kg/d vitamin B6) for 8 weeks (Mousain-Bosc et al., 2006).
Nogovitsina et al. prescribed a polyvitamin complex including vitamin B6 and magnesium in a group of 31 children with ADHD aged 6-12 years and 20 matched children as the control group for 30 days. The supplementation caused improvements in children's behavior such as decrease in the level of anxiety, aggression, synkinesis, and inattention. Moreover, magnesium homeostasis has significantly improved (Nogovitsina and Levitina, 2006a).
El baza et al.’s study was a case-control prospective interventional comparative study which consisted of 25 children with ADHD and 25 age and gender matched healthy controls. The levels of magnesium in serum and hair were measured in all participants. It was reported that 72% (18) of ADHD children were Magnesium deficient. The magnesium deficient children were randomly allocated into 2 equal groups. The first group received magnesium supplementation in a dose of 200 mg/day along with standard medical treatment. The second group only received standard medical treatment. After 8 weeks, the treated ADHD cases who had low hair magnesium level demonstrated a significant improvement in hyperactivity, impulsivity, inattention, opposition, and conceptual level. On the contrary, the untreated low hair Magnesium ADHD cases showed no such improvement. The safety of magnesium supplementation was also proved (El Baza et al., 2016).
Discussion
Magnesium has important role in physiological and biochemical central processes (Bac et al., 1998). It can affect catecholamine signaling in the brain and Mg2+ can control the glutamate N-methyl-aspartate channel that is also effective on excitotoxic cell death and apoptosis (Feillet-Coudray et al., 2004, Schmidt and Taylor, 1988).
Some studies showed decrease in level of magnesium among children and youths with ADHD (Archana et al., 2012, Mahmoud et al., 2011, Nogovitsina and Levitina, 2006b). These studies reported that magnesium levels were significantly lower in both children with hyperactive than in controls. This may be due to the importance of magnesium in protecting cell membranes from excitatory neurotransmitters such as glutamate.
However, the reported associations were conflicting. Several studies observed increased level of magnesium in children with ADHD (Antalis et al., 2006, Irmisch et al., 2011).
Few studies also evaluated the effect of magnesium oral intake on severity of ADHD symptoms. In a controlled clinical trial study, Starobrat-hermelin et al. reported that all the participants diagnosed with ADHD were magnesium deficient. In this trial, standard treatment along with magnesium supplementation resulted in a decline of hyperactivity; on the contrary, standard treatment alone resulted to an increase in hyperactivity (Starobrat-Hermelin and Kozielec, 1997).
Huss et al. reported that the formula which consisted of poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in combination with zinc and magnesium decreased inattentiveness and hyperactivity/impulsivity in ADHD children, significantly (Huss et al., 2010). Mousain et al. showed that magnesium/vitamin B6 intake decreased central nervous system hyper-excitability in ADHD children (Mousain-Bosc et al., 2006). Nogovitsina et al. reported that a polyvitamin complex included vitamin B6 and magnesium caused improvements in the children's behavior such as decreasing the level of anxiety, aggression, synkinesis, and inattention, while improving magnesium homeostasis (Nogovitsina and Levitina, 2006b). El baza et al. showed that magnesium supplementation in a dose of 200 mg/day along with standard medical treatment improved hyperactivity, impulsivity, inattention, opposition, and conceptual level in ADHD (El Baza et al., 2016).
Conclusions
While most of observational studies suggested
a low magnesium level in children with ADHD, there have not been enough well-designed controlled clinical trials. This demonstrates the efficacy and safety of magnesium supplementation or dietary magnesium interventions for treating ADHD. These few interventional studies have several weaknesses in methodology such a small sample size and lack of masking. Moreover, magnesium was prescribed in combination with other nutrients in most of these studies (Huss et al., 2010, Mousain-Bosc et al., 2006, Mousain-Bosc et al., 2004, Nogovitsina and Levitina, 2006a, Starobrat-Hermelin and Kozielec, 1997). Thus, it is not possible to evaluate the effect of magnesium on ADHD symptoms apart from the rest nutrients. Regarding a few evidences on therapeutic effect of magnesium on ADHD symptoms, magnesium therapy in children with ADHD is not recommended. Initially, enough double-blind randomized controlled clinical trials with larger sample size should be conducted and safety of magnesium supplementation is required to be proven. 
Acknowledgments
This research was funded by Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
Authors' contributions
Askari G. designed the work. Hemamy M., Mohammad Parast V., and Askari G. wrote the manuscript. Askari G., revised the manuscript and all authors approved the final version of the manuscript. There is also a consensus among authors for all aspects of the work.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.

 
References
Antalis CJ, et al. 2006. Omega-3 fatty acid status in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids. 75 (4-5): 299-308.
Archana E, et al. 2012. Altered biochemical parameters in saliva of pediatric attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurochemical research. 37 (2): 330-334.
Arnold LE, et al. 2011. Zinc for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: placebo-controlled double-blind pilot trial alone and combined with amphetamine. Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology. 21 (1): 1-19.
Bac P, et al. 1998. Magnesium deficiency-dependent audiogenic seizures (MDDASs) in adult mice: a nutritional model for discriminatory screening of anticonvulsant drugs and original assessment of neuroprotection properties. Journal of neuroscience. 18 (11): 4363-4373.
Biederman J, et al. 2002. Influence of gender on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children referred to a psychiatric clinic. American journal psychiatry. 159 (1): 36-42.
Biederman J, Newcorn J & Sprich S 1991. Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with conduct, depressive, anxiety, and other disorders. American ournal psychiatry. 148 (5): 564-577.
Cardoso CC, et al. 2009. Evidence for the involvement of the monoaminergic system in the antidepressant-like effect of magnesium. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology and biological psychiatry. 33 (2): 235-242.
Del Campo N, Chamberlain SR, Sahakian BJ & Robbins TW 2011. The roles of dopamine and noradrenaline in the pathophysiology and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological psychiatry. 69 (12): e145-157.
Eby GA, 3rd & Eby KL 2010. Magnesium for treatment-resistant depression: a review and hypothesis. Medical hypotheses. 74 (4): 649-660.
El Baza F, AlShahawi HA, Zahra S & AbdelHakim RA 2016. Magnesium supplementation in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Egyptian journal of medical human senetics. 17 (1): 63-70.
Faraone SV & Doyle AE 2001. The nature and heritability of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America. 10 (2): 299-316,
viii-ix.
Feillet-Coudray C, et al. 2004. Magnesium metabolism in mice selected for high and low erythrocyte magnesium levels. Metabolism: clinical and experimental. 53 (5): 660-665.
Goldstein S 2009. A Review of: “Nigg, Joel T. (2006). What Causes ADHD: Understanding What Goes Wrong and Why.”. Applied neuropsychology. 16 (2): 155-156.
Huss M, Volp A & Stauss-Grabo M 2010. Supplementation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, magnesium and zinc in children seeking medical advice for attention-deficit/hyperactivity problems - an observational cohort study. Lipids in health and disease. 9: 105.
Irmisch G, Thome J, Reis O, Hassler F & Weirich S 2011. Modified magnesium and lipoproteins in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The world journal of biological psychiatry. 12 Suppl 1: 63-65.
Mahmoud MM, El-Mazary AA, Maher RM & Saber MM 2011. Zinc, ferritin, magnesium and copper in a group of Egyptian children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Italian journal of pediatrics. 37: 60.
Milte CM, et al. 2012. Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, cognition, and behavior in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Nutrition. 28 (6): 670-577.
Mousain-Bosc M, et al. 2006. Improvement of neurobehavioral disorders in children supplemented with magnesium-vitamin B6. I. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders. Magnesium research. 19 (1): 46-52.
Mousain-Bosc M, Roche M, Rapin J & Bali JP 2004. Magnesium VitB6 intake reduces central nervous system hyperexcitability in children. The journal of the American college of nutrition. 23 (5): 545S-548S.
Nigg JT, Lewis K, Edinger T & Falk M 2012. Meta-analysis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, restriction diet, and synthetic food color additives. Journal of the American Academy of child and adolescent psychiatry. 51 (1): 86-97 e88.
Nogovitsina OR & Levitina EV 2006a. [Effect of MAGNE-B6 on the clinical and biochemical manifestations of the syndrome of attention deficit and hyperactivity in children]. Eksperimental'naia i klinicheskaia farmakologiia. 69 (1): 74-77.
Nogovitsina OR & Levitina EV 2006b. [Neurological aspect of clinical symptoms, pathophysiology and correction in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]. Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova. 106 (2): 17-20.
Nogovitsina OR & Levitina EV 2007. Neurological aspects of the clinical features, pathophysiology, and corrections of impairments in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuroscience and behavioral physiology. 37 (3): 199-202.
Rowland AS, et al. 2002. Prevalence of medication treatment for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder among elementary school children in Johnston County, North Carolina. American journal of public health. 92 (2):
231-234.
Schmidt CJ & Taylor VL 1988. Release of [3H]norepinephrine from rat hippocampal slices by N-methyl-D-aspartate: comparison of the inhibitory effects of Mg2+ and MK-801. European journal of pharmacology. 156 (1): 111-120.
Song Y, et al. 2005. Magnesium intake, C-reactive protein, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older U.S. women. Diabetes care. 28 (6): 1438-1444.
Starobrat-Hermelin B 1998. [The effect of deficiency of selected bioelements on hyperactivity in children with certain specified mental disorders]. Annales academiae medicae stetinensis. 44: 297-314.
Starobrat-Hermelin B & Kozielec T 1997.
The effects of magnesium physiological supplementation on hyperactivity in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Positive response to magnesium oral loading test. Magnesium research. 10 (2): 149-156.
Villagomez A & Ramtekkar U 2014. Iron, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Zinc Deficiencies in Children Presenting with Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Children. 1 (3): 261-279.
Wu J, Xiao H, Sun H, Zou L & Zhu LQ
2012. Role of dopamine receptors in ADHD:
a systematic meta- analysis. Molecular neurobiology. 45 (3): 605-620.

 
Type of article: review article | Subject: public specific
Received: 2017/02/24 | Published: 2017/11/1 | ePublished: 2017/11/1

Add your comments about this article : Your username or Email:
CAPTCHA

Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

© 2024 CC BY-NC 3.0 | Journal of Nutrition and Food Security

Designed & Developed by : Yektaweb