Fri, Apr 26, 2024
[Archive]
Volume 4, Issue 4 (Nov 2019)
JNFS 2019, 4(4): 225-235 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Rastiani F, Jebali A, Hekmatimoghaddam S, Khalili Sadrabad E, Akrami Mohajeri F, Dehghani-Tafti A. Monitoring the Freshness of Rainbow Trout Using Intelligent PH-sensitive Indicator During Storage. JNFS 2019; 4 (4) :225-235
URL: http://jnfs.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-286-en.html
URL: http://jnfs.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-286-en.html
Fatemeh Rastiani 
, Ali Jebali , SeyedHossein Hekmatimoghaddam , Elham Khalili Sadrabad , Fateme Akrami Mohajeri * , Arefeh Dehghani-Tafti
, Ali Jebali , SeyedHossein Hekmatimoghaddam , Elham Khalili Sadrabad , Fateme Akrami Mohajeri * , Arefeh Dehghani-Tafti
Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
Full-Text [PDF 721 kb]
(702 Downloads)
| Abstract (HTML) (2556 Views)
Introduction
The fish genus Oncorhynchus (trout) has been farmed for hundreds of years. Rainbowtrout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is the most widely farmed trout in the world, which belongs to the salmonidae family (Hardy, 2002) and is related to pacific salmon. In recent years, the consumers and manufacturers' demands have increased for development of technologies intended to ensure the safety and to evaluate the real-time shelf life of the food products (Kerry et al., 2006). Intelligent packaging is able to give some information about the food quality before or at the point of consumption (Mohebi and Marquez, 2015, Otles and Yalcin, 2008). Intelligent packaging is defined as a system that monitors the condition of packaged foods and gives information about quality of the packaged food during transport and storage (Kerry, 2012, Kerry et al., 2006, Otles and Yalcin, 2008). Functions of intelligent packaging include detecting, sensing, recording, tracing, communicating information, and warning consumers or food manufacturers about possible problems (Raymana et al., 2016). In this system, sensors, indicators (including integrity, freshness, and time-temperature indicators, TTI), and radio frequency identification (RFID) modules directly measure quality of the product inside the package (Otles and Yalcin, 2008). Freshness indicators were described for evaluating the fish quality (Chun et al., 2014). Freshness is the most important quality attribute of fish and is the key element to be implemented in quality control (Chun et al., 2014). Freshness indicators provide direct product quality information as a result of reactions between indicators within the package and microbial growth metabolites (Kerry, 2012, Vanderroost et al., 2014). The majority of freshness indicators are based on indicator color change in response to microbial metabolites produced during spoilage (Kerry, 2012).
.PNG)
.PNG)
.PNG)
.PNG)
.PNG)
.PNG)
.PNG)
References
Full-Text: (1312 Views)
Monitoring the Freshness of Rainbow Trout Using Intelligent PH-sensitive Indicator During Storage
Fatemeh Rastiani; MSc1, Ali Jebali; PhD2, Seyed Hossein Hekmatimoghaddam; MD3,
Elham Khalili Sadrabad; PhD1, Fateme Akrami Mohajeri; PhD*1 & Arefeh Dehghani-Tafti; MSc4
1 Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
2 Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
3 Department of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, School of Paramedicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
4 Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
Fatemeh Rastiani; MSc1, Ali Jebali; PhD2, Seyed Hossein Hekmatimoghaddam; MD3,
Elham Khalili Sadrabad; PhD1, Fateme Akrami Mohajeri; PhD*1 & Arefeh Dehghani-Tafti; MSc4
1 Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
2 Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
3 Department of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, School of Paramedicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
4 Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| ARTICLE INFO | ABSTRACT | |
| ORIGINAL ARTICLE | Background: The rainbow trout fish is susceptible to spoilage due to its high content of unsaturated fatty acids. It should be kept at low temperature to reduce microbial, enzymatic, and oxidation reactions. The purpose of this study was to design a packaging that contains a pH indicator for monitoring freshness of the rainbow trout fish during storage at refrigerator. Methods: The indicator contained agarose as the carrier, bromocresol green as pH indicator, and silica as surface provider. It was covered by polypropylene film and attached inside the package. Freshness of the trout stored in the refrigerator was assessed by chemical (total volatile basic nitrogen and pH) and microbiological (total viable count) methods. Results: The pH of fish gradually decreased after the third day since color of the indicator changed from yellow to green on day 3 and then to blue on day 6. The indicator's response was correlated with changes in the microbial population and also with levels of total volatile basic nitrogen and pH. The results showed that the designed indicator was sensitive to different pH levels and could be applied as part of the intelligent packaging system. Conclusion: The freshness indicator worked well before the expiry date of fish, which makes it suitable for food quality assessment. So, this indicator can be used for real-time monitoring of packaged fish freshness. Keywords: Rainbow trout; pH freshness indicator; Intelligent packaging; Silica nanoparticles |
|
| Article history: Received: 19 Feb 2017 Revised: 20 Apr 2017 Accepted: 27 May 2017 |
||
| *Corresponding author: Fateme.akrami@gmail.com Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Postal code: 1981619573 Tel: +98 9136517764 |
Introduction
The fish genus Oncorhynchus (trout) has been farmed for hundreds of years. Rainbowtrout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is the most widely farmed trout in the world, which belongs to the salmonidae family (Hardy, 2002) and is related to pacific salmon. In recent years, the consumers and manufacturers' demands have increased for development of technologies intended to ensure the safety and to evaluate the real-time shelf life of the food products (Kerry et al., 2006). Intelligent packaging is able to give some information about the food quality before or at the point of consumption (Mohebi and Marquez, 2015, Otles and Yalcin, 2008). Intelligent packaging is defined as a system that monitors the condition of packaged foods and gives information about quality of the packaged food during transport and storage (Kerry, 2012, Kerry et al., 2006, Otles and Yalcin, 2008). Functions of intelligent packaging include detecting, sensing, recording, tracing, communicating information, and warning consumers or food manufacturers about possible problems (Raymana et al., 2016). In this system, sensors, indicators (including integrity, freshness, and time-temperature indicators, TTI), and radio frequency identification (RFID) modules directly measure quality of the product inside the package (Otles and Yalcin, 2008). Freshness indicators were described for evaluating the fish quality (Chun et al., 2014). Freshness is the most important quality attribute of fish and is the key element to be implemented in quality control (Chun et al., 2014). Freshness indicators provide direct product quality information as a result of reactions between indicators within the package and microbial growth metabolites (Kerry, 2012, Vanderroost et al., 2014). The majority of freshness indicators are based on indicator color change in response to microbial metabolites produced during spoilage (Kerry, 2012).
Spoilage of fish is due to microbiological activity, chemical oxidation of lipids, and autolysis. However, microbial activity is the main mechanism affecting the fresh fish quality and thereby determines the product's shelf life (Ghaly et al., 2010). During fish spoilage, various compounds with characteristic emerge, such as trimethylamine (TMA), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN), sulphuric compounds, aldehydes, ketones, esters, etc., by various microorganisms and emit to the headspace of packaging (Dalgaard et al., 2006, Ghaly et al., 2010). Generally, after death, a consortium of bacteria, known as specific spoilage organisms (SSOs) such as Shewanella putrifaciens, Aeromonas spp., psychrotolerant Enterobacteriaceae, P. phosphoreum, and Vibrio spp. produce metabolites (chemical spoilage indices, CSIs), which are able to reduce trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) to TMA (Gram and Dalgaard, 2002).
Various methods including chemical, microbiological, physical methods, and sensory evaluation were used to determine fish and seafood freshness (Olafsdottir et al., 2004). Traditional methods for monitoring fish freshness such as sensory methods require trained assessors, while microbiological methods are retrospective, expensive, destructive, and time- consuming (Shukla et al., 2016). Consumers and manufacturers are eager to develop that is small, simple, low-cost, fast, and non-destructive device to evaluate real-time freshness of food products, which can be applied at any stage of the supply chain (Pons-Sánchez-Cascado et al., 2006). The number of studies on package indicators for spoilage or freshness of food is still limited. However, some attempts have been conducted to construct indicators for volatile compounds produced in microbial spoilage by using a pH indicator (Kuswandi et al., 2014, Zhang et al., 2014) including methyl red (Kuswandi et al., 2014) and curcumin (Kuswandi et al., 2012). Based on a similar principle, indicator dyes such as bromocrosol green could also be used as a freshness indicator in fish. As the basic volatile amines are gradually piled up in the package headspace, the pH is increased and color of the indicator changes so that it is easily visible by the naked eye (Kuswandi et al., 2014, Kuswandi et al., 2012). In the current study, our aim was to develop a low-cost freshness indicator based on the volatile amines in the packaged fish that works best before its expiry date.
Materials and Methods
Materials: Bromocrosol green, sodium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, boric acid 99.5% were obtained from SAMCHUN in South Korea. Methyl red indicator (Lobachemie, India), filter paper No. 41 (CHM, Spain), plate count agar (Liofilchem, Italy), sulfuric acid 0.1 N, agarose (Merck, Germany), hydrochloric acid, and paraffin oil (Carlo ERBA, France) were also purchased.
Preparation of the indicator: The indicator matrix was prepared from silica nanoparticles mixed with brmocromosol green (0.1%) and agarose solution (1%) in a ratio of 1:5. This preparation was made on flame and its pH was adjusted to 4-5. The solution was poured into glass plates and kept for 24 hours at room temperature for casting. The cast was put in the oven until complete drying, eventually to a thickness of 1 mm. The indicator was cut as 1.5 × 1.5 cm squares, placed inside polypropylene sheets, and then sealed by plastic sewing machine. An opening was also made on the indicator, so that it can contact with gasses in the package headspace since the indicator should react to volatile amines. Silica nanoparticles acted by increasing the surface area for better reactivity of the molecules and increased sensitivity of the indicator to volatile amines.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM): The scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the surface morphology of the prepared indicator (Ezati et al., 2019).
Determination of color code of the indicator: The color code (number) was used to distinguish color changes of the indicator during the storage. In order to determine the exact color, images were obtained from the indicator at different time intervals with a 13 megapixel digital camera. Then, the specific color number in the biosensor was read using Photoshop software.
Preparation of the fish sample: Fresh rainbow trout was purchased from a local market in Yazd, placed in an ice box, and immediately transferred to the laboratory. The fish were rinsed and filleted using a sterile scalpel followed by division into pieces of 100 ± 5 g. Samples were placed into a sterile suitable container with the indicator attached inside the package top (Figure1). The fish samples were stored at 4 °C in refrigerator. The TVBN value, pH, and microbiological test were determined at days 0, 3, 5, and 6.
Chemical analysis: The pH value was determined using a digital pH meter (AZ86502, Taiwan). The pH values were obtained after dissolving 5 g of trout sample in 45 ml of distilled water (ratio of 1:10 w/v), homogenization for 2 min with stomacher (model 3000, Mix Wel, France) (Kuswandi et al., 2012), and filtered through whatman paper. The pH meter was calibrated using a pH buffer solution at pH values of 4, 7, and 10 at 25 °C (Baygar et al., 2008).
In order to measure the total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN) value (mg/100 g fish flesh), the micro diffusion method was used by distillation of 2 g magnesium oxide and 10 g of homogenized fish sample in 300 ml distilled water. The distillate was gathered in the flask containing 10 ml boric acid, methyl red, and methylene blue (Samchun, Korea) as the indicators. The distillation continued until the approximate solution volume reached 150 ml. The distillation product was titrated with sulfuric acid 0.1 N (Merck, Germany). The TVBN value was calculated by consuming sulfuric acid and expressed as mg 100/g fish muscle (Mirshekari et al., 2016, Ojagh et al., 2010).
Microbial analysis: For microbial analysis, an amount of 25 g fish sample was transferred into sterile stomacher bags containing 225 ml sterile phosphate buffer solution and homogenized by stomacher for 2 min. The decimal serial dilutions were carried out and then cultured using pour plate method in plate count agar (Italy, Liofilchem Italy). Later, PCA plates were incubated at 37 °C for 48 hours and colony forming units were counted as log10 CFU/g (Arashisar et al., 2004, Sallam, 2007).
Data analysis: Results were analyzed using the SPSS (version 16, USA). Pearson correlation test was used to examine the correlation between variables. The significant difference between the means was tested at a level of 5%.
Results
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM): As seen in the SEM image, coating of silica nanoparticles with indicator was performed successfully. The nanoparticles of silica are apparent in the size of 100 nm (Figure 1).
Color changes in the indicator due to fish spoilage: The indicator color changes in the packaged fish are shown in Figures 2 and 3. Over the time, by producing volatile gases and increasing pH in the package headspace, the indicator color changed from yellow (at day 1) to green (at day 3) and finally to blue (at day 6). Analyses of microbial status, pH value, and TVBN were carried out to assess the accuracy performance of the indicator.
Indicator color number: In Table 1, the color codes obtained by photography software are shown. This number showed the apparent change in the indicators' colors within the color spectrum. However, no significant positive effect was observed between the color number and other variables of the study. Therefore, number of the indicator’s color is not a good marker for measuring other variables; therefore, it can be independently used for determination of indicator-based fish freshness.
Chemical analysis: The pH changes during storage at refrigerator are shown in Figure 4. The pH values increased during storage, but no significant difference was observed in the mean values at different days. The pH values of rainbow trout were estimated as 6.61, 6.72, 6.92, and 7.20 on days 0, 3, 5, and 6, respectively (Table 1). According to figure 4, all P-values were > 0.05, in other words, no significant difference was observed between the means.
Total volatile basic nitrogen levels are shown in Figure 5. During the storage at 4 °C, TVBN values increased due to the decrease in freshness of fish samples (Table 2). The amount of TVBN values were determined as 13.49, 21.43, 26.06, and 30.93 (mg/100 g fish flesh) on days 0, 3, 5 and 6, respectively. There was a significant difference between the TVBN values in different days (P <0.05).
Microbiologic analysis: Major changes in fresh fish are largely due to microbial growth and activity. The total bacterial count in all samples significantly increased from 3.23 to 6.45 log10 CFU/g during the storage for 6 days at 4 ◦C (P < 0.05). A direct relationship was observed between color changes of the indicator (from yellow to green and then to blue on days 0, 3, and 6, respectively) and total viable count (TVC). The TVBN had a direct correlation with TVC and pH. No correlation was observed between the two variables of TVC and pH.
Various methods including chemical, microbiological, physical methods, and sensory evaluation were used to determine fish and seafood freshness (Olafsdottir et al., 2004). Traditional methods for monitoring fish freshness such as sensory methods require trained assessors, while microbiological methods are retrospective, expensive, destructive, and time- consuming (Shukla et al., 2016). Consumers and manufacturers are eager to develop that is small, simple, low-cost, fast, and non-destructive device to evaluate real-time freshness of food products, which can be applied at any stage of the supply chain (Pons-Sánchez-Cascado et al., 2006). The number of studies on package indicators for spoilage or freshness of food is still limited. However, some attempts have been conducted to construct indicators for volatile compounds produced in microbial spoilage by using a pH indicator (Kuswandi et al., 2014, Zhang et al., 2014) including methyl red (Kuswandi et al., 2014) and curcumin (Kuswandi et al., 2012). Based on a similar principle, indicator dyes such as bromocrosol green could also be used as a freshness indicator in fish. As the basic volatile amines are gradually piled up in the package headspace, the pH is increased and color of the indicator changes so that it is easily visible by the naked eye (Kuswandi et al., 2014, Kuswandi et al., 2012). In the current study, our aim was to develop a low-cost freshness indicator based on the volatile amines in the packaged fish that works best before its expiry date.
Materials and Methods
Materials: Bromocrosol green, sodium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, boric acid 99.5% were obtained from SAMCHUN in South Korea. Methyl red indicator (Lobachemie, India), filter paper No. 41 (CHM, Spain), plate count agar (Liofilchem, Italy), sulfuric acid 0.1 N, agarose (Merck, Germany), hydrochloric acid, and paraffin oil (Carlo ERBA, France) were also purchased.
Preparation of the indicator: The indicator matrix was prepared from silica nanoparticles mixed with brmocromosol green (0.1%) and agarose solution (1%) in a ratio of 1:5. This preparation was made on flame and its pH was adjusted to 4-5. The solution was poured into glass plates and kept for 24 hours at room temperature for casting. The cast was put in the oven until complete drying, eventually to a thickness of 1 mm. The indicator was cut as 1.5 × 1.5 cm squares, placed inside polypropylene sheets, and then sealed by plastic sewing machine. An opening was also made on the indicator, so that it can contact with gasses in the package headspace since the indicator should react to volatile amines. Silica nanoparticles acted by increasing the surface area for better reactivity of the molecules and increased sensitivity of the indicator to volatile amines.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM): The scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the surface morphology of the prepared indicator (Ezati et al., 2019).
Determination of color code of the indicator: The color code (number) was used to distinguish color changes of the indicator during the storage. In order to determine the exact color, images were obtained from the indicator at different time intervals with a 13 megapixel digital camera. Then, the specific color number in the biosensor was read using Photoshop software.
Preparation of the fish sample: Fresh rainbow trout was purchased from a local market in Yazd, placed in an ice box, and immediately transferred to the laboratory. The fish were rinsed and filleted using a sterile scalpel followed by division into pieces of 100 ± 5 g. Samples were placed into a sterile suitable container with the indicator attached inside the package top (Figure1). The fish samples were stored at 4 °C in refrigerator. The TVBN value, pH, and microbiological test were determined at days 0, 3, 5, and 6.
Chemical analysis: The pH value was determined using a digital pH meter (AZ86502, Taiwan). The pH values were obtained after dissolving 5 g of trout sample in 45 ml of distilled water (ratio of 1:10 w/v), homogenization for 2 min with stomacher (model 3000, Mix Wel, France) (Kuswandi et al., 2012), and filtered through whatman paper. The pH meter was calibrated using a pH buffer solution at pH values of 4, 7, and 10 at 25 °C (Baygar et al., 2008).
In order to measure the total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN) value (mg/100 g fish flesh), the micro diffusion method was used by distillation of 2 g magnesium oxide and 10 g of homogenized fish sample in 300 ml distilled water. The distillate was gathered in the flask containing 10 ml boric acid, methyl red, and methylene blue (Samchun, Korea) as the indicators. The distillation continued until the approximate solution volume reached 150 ml. The distillation product was titrated with sulfuric acid 0.1 N (Merck, Germany). The TVBN value was calculated by consuming sulfuric acid and expressed as mg 100/g fish muscle (Mirshekari et al., 2016, Ojagh et al., 2010).
Microbial analysis: For microbial analysis, an amount of 25 g fish sample was transferred into sterile stomacher bags containing 225 ml sterile phosphate buffer solution and homogenized by stomacher for 2 min. The decimal serial dilutions were carried out and then cultured using pour plate method in plate count agar (Italy, Liofilchem Italy). Later, PCA plates were incubated at 37 °C for 48 hours and colony forming units were counted as log10 CFU/g (Arashisar et al., 2004, Sallam, 2007).
Data analysis: Results were analyzed using the SPSS (version 16, USA). Pearson correlation test was used to examine the correlation between variables. The significant difference between the means was tested at a level of 5%.
Results
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM): As seen in the SEM image, coating of silica nanoparticles with indicator was performed successfully. The nanoparticles of silica are apparent in the size of 100 nm (Figure 1).
Color changes in the indicator due to fish spoilage: The indicator color changes in the packaged fish are shown in Figures 2 and 3. Over the time, by producing volatile gases and increasing pH in the package headspace, the indicator color changed from yellow (at day 1) to green (at day 3) and finally to blue (at day 6). Analyses of microbial status, pH value, and TVBN were carried out to assess the accuracy performance of the indicator.
Indicator color number: In Table 1, the color codes obtained by photography software are shown. This number showed the apparent change in the indicators' colors within the color spectrum. However, no significant positive effect was observed between the color number and other variables of the study. Therefore, number of the indicator’s color is not a good marker for measuring other variables; therefore, it can be independently used for determination of indicator-based fish freshness.
Chemical analysis: The pH changes during storage at refrigerator are shown in Figure 4. The pH values increased during storage, but no significant difference was observed in the mean values at different days. The pH values of rainbow trout were estimated as 6.61, 6.72, 6.92, and 7.20 on days 0, 3, 5, and 6, respectively (Table 1). According to figure 4, all P-values were > 0.05, in other words, no significant difference was observed between the means.
Total volatile basic nitrogen levels are shown in Figure 5. During the storage at 4 °C, TVBN values increased due to the decrease in freshness of fish samples (Table 2). The amount of TVBN values were determined as 13.49, 21.43, 26.06, and 30.93 (mg/100 g fish flesh) on days 0, 3, 5 and 6, respectively. There was a significant difference between the TVBN values in different days (P <0.05).
Microbiologic analysis: Major changes in fresh fish are largely due to microbial growth and activity. The total bacterial count in all samples significantly increased from 3.23 to 6.45 log10 CFU/g during the storage for 6 days at 4 ◦C (P < 0.05). A direct relationship was observed between color changes of the indicator (from yellow to green and then to blue on days 0, 3, and 6, respectively) and total viable count (TVC). The TVBN had a direct correlation with TVC and pH. No correlation was observed between the two variables of TVC and pH.
Discussion
Sea foods with high proteins, fat-soluble vitamins, and omega-3 fatty acids are of great importance in human diet. Sea foods are considered as highly perishable foods that deteriorate faster than other animal meats. However, the presence of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms cause changes in sensory characteristics such as off-odor, off-taste, gas production, and slime formation (Moini et al., 2009). In the present study, the new pH-sensitive indicator was used to determine the rainbow trout freshness during storage at refrigerator. During the first three days, no drastic color change was observed in pH-sensitive indicator. When the indicator turns to blue, it means that fish is not fresh and should not be consumed. So, in the current study, yellow indicates freshness of the product, green indicates restriction or caution in consumption, and blue shows fish spoilage associated with sensory rejection. In the study conducted by Silva-Pereira, as a result of reaction between indicator and volatile bases of fish, the color changed to light blue after three days of storage in the refrigerator, indicating an increase in fish pH and initial spoilage. After 7 days, the color changed to yellow, which was indicative of fish spoilage (Silva-Pereira et al., 2015). It is known that factors such as fish species, feeding habits, temperature, and general storage conditions (atmosphere, activity water, microbial cross-contamination etc.) may affect freshness and spoilage of fish (Kerry, 2012).
In the current study, the pH values of samples gradually changed from 6.61 on day 0 to 7.20 on day 6 at 4 °C. The pH value of live fish muscle is close to 7.0. However, the post-mortem pH can vary from 6.0 to 7.0 depending on season, species, and other factors (Simeonidou et al., 1997). However, changes in pH values of rainbow trout samples were not statistically significant during storage in present study (P > 0.05), which is similar to the results found for other fish species during the storage (Kyrana and Lougovois, 2002, Rodríguez et al., 1999). Castro et al. reported that pH value of approximately 7.0 indicated the onset of fish deterioration and suggested that the increase in pH level was due to the accumulation of alkaline compounds, such as TMA and other TVBN derivatives mainly produced by microbial activity during fish muscle spoilage (Castro et al., 2006). Kyrana and Lougovois attributed low TVBN to relatively low pH and observed microbial flora composition during the tests (Kyrana and Lougovois, 2002). In Kuswandi et al.'s research (Kuswandi et al., 2015), litmus reagent color changed from red to blue due to spoilage with change in pH of beef tissue from 5.61 to 6.24 in ambient condition and from 5.67 to 6.02 in chiller conditions. This result was consistent with other studies (Kuswandi et al., 2012, Yoshida et al., 2014, Zaragozá et al., 2012). Niknam et al. observed no color change of bromocresol green and phenol red in the first 56 hours. However, the reagent started to change color after 56 hours with increase in pH. The authors concluded that pH increased due to the chicken meat spoilage, which caused the sensors' color change from yellow to blue for bromocresol green and from yellow to red for phenol red (Niknam, 2015). The results of the present study are similar to the findings presented by Kuswandi et al. (Kuswandi et al., 2012), who used curcumin as an indicator of shrimp freshness. They investigated freshness of the shrimp in ambient and chiller conditions; so, the sensor changed color from yellow to dark orange due to the change of pH from 6.88 in day one to 7.53 after 10 days of storage. Furthermore, the correlation between changes in pH and indicator color in our study was similar to the reports by Bahmani et al., who used bromocresol green and phenol red to determine the freshness of rainbow trout (Bahmani et al., 2016).
Volatile amines such as TMA, ammonia (NH3), and dimethylamine comprise of the TVBN, which is commonly used as an estimate of spoilage and as a freshness index of fish (Wu and Bechtel, 2008). In the current research, the TVBN of days 5 and 6 were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the first days. In this experiment, TVBN values were 13.49 and 30.93 mg N/100 g on days 0 and 6, respectively. A study suggested that the TVBN limit in muscles of processed fish products was about 25 to 35 mg N/100 g (Dalgaard, 2000). Similarly, a study recommended the TVBN levels of 20-30 mg/100 g, which indicated the beginning of spoilage and values more than 30 mg/100 g showed spoiled fish (Kimura and Kiamukura, 1934). When the concentration of TVBN exceeds 30 mg/100 g, the fish should be considered dangerous for consumption (Özoğul and Özoğul, 2000). Huss suggested that the recommended level of TVBN for rejection was 20 mg N/100 g flesh in fatty fish similar to the rainbow trout fish (Huss, 1988). According to the storage time and subsequent increase in TVBN, the quality of fish products is classified as high quality (up to 25 mg N/100 g), good quality (up to 30 mg N/100 g), limited acceptability (up to 35 mg N/100 g), and spoilt (above 35 mg N/100 g) (Amegovu et al., 2012, Goulas and Kontominas, 2007, Kykkidou et al., 2009, Özyurt et al., 2009). As TVBN approached maximum levels in our study, a direct relationship was observed with color change of indicator, TVC, and pH, which is in line with the results reported by Morsy et al. (Morsy et al., 2016), who used colored reagents as a marker of fish spoilage, and also with other studies (Chun et al., 2014, Shukla et al., 2016). Pacquit et al. used bromocresol green as a marker to detect spoilage in fish and showed color change as a result of increased TVBN (Pacquit et al., 2007). Kuswandy et al. used polyaniline film containing indicator with various types of primary volatile amines to detect fish spoilage and reported similar results (Kuswandi et al., 2012). The increase in TVBN from 13.49 in first day to 30.93 after 6 days in our study is consistent with that of Zaragoza et al., who showed color change of sensor due to increase in TVBN from 14 to 30 (Zaragozá et al., 2012).
As different articles showed, measuring microbiological quality of fish by bacterial counts to define exact spoilage thresholds is difficult since they can vary depending on the catch season, geographical location, and above all the fish species. Koutsoumanis and Olafsdottir reported that TVC values of 107 CFU/g in fish samples were considered as the end of their shelf life (Koutsoumanis, 2001, Olafsdottir et al., 2004). Gram and Huss suggested that spoilage of iced fish reached the levels of 108–109 CFU/g of specific spoilage organism (Gram and Huss, 1996, Huss et al., 1997). Nevertheless, standards often use much lower TVC (106 CFU/g) as index of acceptability (Olafsdóttir et al., 1997). According to Ozogul, the shelf life of trout is approximately 5-6 days in 4 ◦C and 106 microorganisms/g is considered as the TVC limit of acceptability (Özogul et al., 2005). In present study, the increased bacterial number to more than 106 in the 6th day was associated with color change of the indicator to blue. This is in line with a study conducted by Pacquit et al. (Pacquit et al., 2007). We observed a considerable association between the microbial quality of the fish tissue and TVBN concentration. Rokka et al. similarly found a direct relation between microbial quality and the amount of volatile amines (Rokka et al., 2004). However, Bahmani et al. reported that the spoilage of rainbow trouts stored in refrigerator occurred after 13 and 14 days of storage (Bahmani et al., 2016). Furthermore, Zaragoza et al. (Zaragozá et al., 2012) stated that the fish was spoiled 7 days after storage.
Conclusion
Results of the current study showed that a pH-sensitive indicator could be used as a visual means of detecting deterioration of the fish. The developed indicator can be part of a system of intelligent packaging with visual change in color. We found that the indicator response is associated with microbial growth in fish samples. Results of the microbial and chemical analysis showed that fish started to spoil after 6 days in cold storage. The advantages of this packaging system include simple and inexpensive production, not complicated chemical formula, "best before" date estimation, and reduced unnecessary meat waste. Intelligent packaging has the potential to ensure safety and quality of the seafood. The proposed system is advantageous due to its simple manufacturing process and visual change in color. Indicators incorporated in intelligent packaging show great potential for assuring the safety and quality of the food products.
Authors’ contribution
Akrami Mohajeri F, Hekmatimoghaddam SH, Jebali A, Khalili Sadrabad E and Dehghani-Tafti A conceived and designed the experiments. Rastiani F carried out the experiment. All authors contributed to the final version of the manuscript.
Acknowledgments
This manuscript was financially supported by Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
Conflict of interest
There is not any conflict of interest.
Sea foods with high proteins, fat-soluble vitamins, and omega-3 fatty acids are of great importance in human diet. Sea foods are considered as highly perishable foods that deteriorate faster than other animal meats. However, the presence of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms cause changes in sensory characteristics such as off-odor, off-taste, gas production, and slime formation (Moini et al., 2009). In the present study, the new pH-sensitive indicator was used to determine the rainbow trout freshness during storage at refrigerator. During the first three days, no drastic color change was observed in pH-sensitive indicator. When the indicator turns to blue, it means that fish is not fresh and should not be consumed. So, in the current study, yellow indicates freshness of the product, green indicates restriction or caution in consumption, and blue shows fish spoilage associated with sensory rejection. In the study conducted by Silva-Pereira, as a result of reaction between indicator and volatile bases of fish, the color changed to light blue after three days of storage in the refrigerator, indicating an increase in fish pH and initial spoilage. After 7 days, the color changed to yellow, which was indicative of fish spoilage (Silva-Pereira et al., 2015). It is known that factors such as fish species, feeding habits, temperature, and general storage conditions (atmosphere, activity water, microbial cross-contamination etc.) may affect freshness and spoilage of fish (Kerry, 2012).
In the current study, the pH values of samples gradually changed from 6.61 on day 0 to 7.20 on day 6 at 4 °C. The pH value of live fish muscle is close to 7.0. However, the post-mortem pH can vary from 6.0 to 7.0 depending on season, species, and other factors (Simeonidou et al., 1997). However, changes in pH values of rainbow trout samples were not statistically significant during storage in present study (P > 0.05), which is similar to the results found for other fish species during the storage (Kyrana and Lougovois, 2002, Rodríguez et al., 1999). Castro et al. reported that pH value of approximately 7.0 indicated the onset of fish deterioration and suggested that the increase in pH level was due to the accumulation of alkaline compounds, such as TMA and other TVBN derivatives mainly produced by microbial activity during fish muscle spoilage (Castro et al., 2006). Kyrana and Lougovois attributed low TVBN to relatively low pH and observed microbial flora composition during the tests (Kyrana and Lougovois, 2002). In Kuswandi et al.'s research (Kuswandi et al., 2015), litmus reagent color changed from red to blue due to spoilage with change in pH of beef tissue from 5.61 to 6.24 in ambient condition and from 5.67 to 6.02 in chiller conditions. This result was consistent with other studies (Kuswandi et al., 2012, Yoshida et al., 2014, Zaragozá et al., 2012). Niknam et al. observed no color change of bromocresol green and phenol red in the first 56 hours. However, the reagent started to change color after 56 hours with increase in pH. The authors concluded that pH increased due to the chicken meat spoilage, which caused the sensors' color change from yellow to blue for bromocresol green and from yellow to red for phenol red (Niknam, 2015). The results of the present study are similar to the findings presented by Kuswandi et al. (Kuswandi et al., 2012), who used curcumin as an indicator of shrimp freshness. They investigated freshness of the shrimp in ambient and chiller conditions; so, the sensor changed color from yellow to dark orange due to the change of pH from 6.88 in day one to 7.53 after 10 days of storage. Furthermore, the correlation between changes in pH and indicator color in our study was similar to the reports by Bahmani et al., who used bromocresol green and phenol red to determine the freshness of rainbow trout (Bahmani et al., 2016).
Volatile amines such as TMA, ammonia (NH3), and dimethylamine comprise of the TVBN, which is commonly used as an estimate of spoilage and as a freshness index of fish (Wu and Bechtel, 2008). In the current research, the TVBN of days 5 and 6 were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the first days. In this experiment, TVBN values were 13.49 and 30.93 mg N/100 g on days 0 and 6, respectively. A study suggested that the TVBN limit in muscles of processed fish products was about 25 to 35 mg N/100 g (Dalgaard, 2000). Similarly, a study recommended the TVBN levels of 20-30 mg/100 g, which indicated the beginning of spoilage and values more than 30 mg/100 g showed spoiled fish (Kimura and Kiamukura, 1934). When the concentration of TVBN exceeds 30 mg/100 g, the fish should be considered dangerous for consumption (Özoğul and Özoğul, 2000). Huss suggested that the recommended level of TVBN for rejection was 20 mg N/100 g flesh in fatty fish similar to the rainbow trout fish (Huss, 1988). According to the storage time and subsequent increase in TVBN, the quality of fish products is classified as high quality (up to 25 mg N/100 g), good quality (up to 30 mg N/100 g), limited acceptability (up to 35 mg N/100 g), and spoilt (above 35 mg N/100 g) (Amegovu et al., 2012, Goulas and Kontominas, 2007, Kykkidou et al., 2009, Özyurt et al., 2009). As TVBN approached maximum levels in our study, a direct relationship was observed with color change of indicator, TVC, and pH, which is in line with the results reported by Morsy et al. (Morsy et al., 2016), who used colored reagents as a marker of fish spoilage, and also with other studies (Chun et al., 2014, Shukla et al., 2016). Pacquit et al. used bromocresol green as a marker to detect spoilage in fish and showed color change as a result of increased TVBN (Pacquit et al., 2007). Kuswandy et al. used polyaniline film containing indicator with various types of primary volatile amines to detect fish spoilage and reported similar results (Kuswandi et al., 2012). The increase in TVBN from 13.49 in first day to 30.93 after 6 days in our study is consistent with that of Zaragoza et al., who showed color change of sensor due to increase in TVBN from 14 to 30 (Zaragozá et al., 2012).
As different articles showed, measuring microbiological quality of fish by bacterial counts to define exact spoilage thresholds is difficult since they can vary depending on the catch season, geographical location, and above all the fish species. Koutsoumanis and Olafsdottir reported that TVC values of 107 CFU/g in fish samples were considered as the end of their shelf life (Koutsoumanis, 2001, Olafsdottir et al., 2004). Gram and Huss suggested that spoilage of iced fish reached the levels of 108–109 CFU/g of specific spoilage organism (Gram and Huss, 1996, Huss et al., 1997). Nevertheless, standards often use much lower TVC (106 CFU/g) as index of acceptability (Olafsdóttir et al., 1997). According to Ozogul, the shelf life of trout is approximately 5-6 days in 4 ◦C and 106 microorganisms/g is considered as the TVC limit of acceptability (Özogul et al., 2005). In present study, the increased bacterial number to more than 106 in the 6th day was associated with color change of the indicator to blue. This is in line with a study conducted by Pacquit et al. (Pacquit et al., 2007). We observed a considerable association between the microbial quality of the fish tissue and TVBN concentration. Rokka et al. similarly found a direct relation between microbial quality and the amount of volatile amines (Rokka et al., 2004). However, Bahmani et al. reported that the spoilage of rainbow trouts stored in refrigerator occurred after 13 and 14 days of storage (Bahmani et al., 2016). Furthermore, Zaragoza et al. (Zaragozá et al., 2012) stated that the fish was spoiled 7 days after storage.
Conclusion
Results of the current study showed that a pH-sensitive indicator could be used as a visual means of detecting deterioration of the fish. The developed indicator can be part of a system of intelligent packaging with visual change in color. We found that the indicator response is associated with microbial growth in fish samples. Results of the microbial and chemical analysis showed that fish started to spoil after 6 days in cold storage. The advantages of this packaging system include simple and inexpensive production, not complicated chemical formula, "best before" date estimation, and reduced unnecessary meat waste. Intelligent packaging has the potential to ensure safety and quality of the seafood. The proposed system is advantageous due to its simple manufacturing process and visual change in color. Indicators incorporated in intelligent packaging show great potential for assuring the safety and quality of the food products.
Authors’ contribution
Akrami Mohajeri F, Hekmatimoghaddam SH, Jebali A, Khalili Sadrabad E and Dehghani-Tafti A conceived and designed the experiments. Rastiani F carried out the experiment. All authors contributed to the final version of the manuscript.
Acknowledgments
This manuscript was financially supported by Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
Conflict of interest
There is not any conflict of interest.
References
Amegovu AK, Sserunjogi ML, Ogwok P & Makokha V 2012. Nucleotide degradation products, total volatile basic nitrogen, sensory and microbiological quality of nile perch (lates niloticus) fillets under chilled storage. Journal of microbiology, biotechnology and food sciences. 2 (2): 653.
Arashisar Ş, Hisar O, Kaya M & Yanik T 2004. Effects of modified atmosphere and vacuum packaging on microbiological and chemical properties of rainbow trout (Oncorynchus mykiss) fillets. International journal of food microbiology. 97 (2): 209-214.
Bahmani Z, Khanipoor AA, Oromieie A & Motalebi AA 2016. Application of Freshness Indicator in Smart Packaging of Rainbow Trout Fillets during Refrigerator Storage. Iranian scientific fisheries journal. 25 (3): 121-132.
Baygar T, et al. 2008. Determination of the shelf-life of trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) raw meatball that packed under modified atmosphere. Pakistan journal of nutrition. 7 (3): 412-417.
Castro P, Padrón JCP, Cansino MJC, Velázquez ES & De Larriva RM 2006. Total volatile base nitrogen and its use to assess freshness in European sea bass stored in ice. Food control. 17 (4): 245-248.
Chun H-N, Kim B & Shin H-S 2014. Evaluation of a freshness indicator for quality of fish products during storage. Food science and biotechnology. 23 (5): 1719-1725.
Dalgaard P 2000. Fresh and lightly preserved seafood. Shelf-life evaluation of foods. 2: 110-139.
Dalgaard P, Madsen H, Samieian N & Emborg J 2006. Biogenic amine formation and microbial spoilage in chilled garfish (Belone belone belone)–effect of modified atmosphere packaging and previous frozen storage. Journal of applied microbiology. 101 (1): 80-95.
Ezati P, Tajik H, Moradi M & Molaei R 2019. Intelligent pH-sensitive indicator based on starch-cellulose and alizarin dye to track freshness of rainbow trout fillet. International journal of biological macromolecules. 132: 157-165.
Ghaly AE, Dave D, Budge S & Brooks M 2010. Fish spoilage mechanisms and preservation techniques: review. American journal of applied sciences. 7 (7): 859.
Goulas AE & Kontominas MG 2007. Combined effect of light salting, modified atmosphere packaging and oregano essential oil on the shelf-life of sea bream (Sparus aurata): Biochemical and sensory attributes. Food chemistry. 100 (1): 287-296.
Gram L & Dalgaard P 2002. Fish spoilage bacteria–problems and solutions. Current opinion in biotechnology. 13 (3): 262-266.
Gram L & Huss HH 1996. Microbiological spoilage of fish and fish products. International journal of food microbiology. 33 (1): 121-137.
Hardy RW 2002. Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. . Nutrient requirements and feeding of finfish for aquaculture. 1: 184-202.
Huss HH 1988. Fresh fish--quality and quality changes: a training manual prepared for the FAO/DANIDA Training Programme on Fish Technology and Quality Control. Food & Agriculture Organization.
Huss HH, Dalgaard P & Gram L 1997. Microbiology of fish and fish products. In Seafood From Producer To Consumer, Integrated Approach To Quality. Proceedings of the International Seafood Conference on the Ocassion of the 25th Anniversary of the Wefta, Held in Noordwijkerhout, the Netherlands, 13-16 November, 1995. Elsevier.
Kerry J 2012. Application of smart packaging systems for conventionally packaged muscle-based food products. Advances in Meat, Poultry and Seafood Packaging: Woodhead Publ. 522-564.
Kerry J, O’grady M & Hogan S 2006. Past, current and potential utilisation of active and intelligent packaging systems for meat and muscle-based products: A review. Meat science. 74 (1): 113-130.
Kimura K & Kiamukura S 1934. Detection of the onset of decomposition in fish meat as shown by the content of ammonia. In Proc. Pacific Sci. Congress, p. 3709.
Koutsoumanis K 2001. Predictive modeling of the shelf life of fish under nonisothermal conditions. Applied and environmental microbiology. 67 (4): 1821-1829.
Kuswandi B, Damayanti F, Jayus J, Abdullah A & Heng LY 2015. Simple and low-cost on-package sticker sensor based on litmus paper for real-time monitoring of beef freshness. Journal of mathematical and fundamental sciences. 47 (3): 236-251.
Kuswandi B, Oktaviana R, Abdullah A & Heng LY 2014. A Novel On‐Package Sticker Sensor Based on Methyl Red for Real‐Time Monitoring of Broiler Chicken Cut Freshness. Packaging technology and science. 27 (1): 69-81.
Kuswandi B, Restyana A, Abdullah A, Heng LY & Ahmad M 2012. A novel colorimetric food package label for fish spoilage based on polyaniline film. Food control. 25 (1): 184-189.
Kykkidou S, Giatrakou V, Papavergou A, Kontominas M & Savvaidis I 2009. Effect of thyme essential oil and packaging treatments on fresh Mediterranean swordfish fillets during storage at 4 C. Food chemistry. 115 (1): 169-175.
Kyrana VR & Lougovois VP 2002. Sensory, chemical and microbiological assessment of farm‐raised European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) stored in melting ice. International Journal of food science & technology. 37 (3): 319-328.
Mirshekari S, et al. 2016. Antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of nisin Z and sodium benzoate in vacuum packed Caspian kutum (Rutilus frisii) fillet stored at 4° C. Iranian journal of fisheries sciences. 15 (2): 789-801.
Mohebi E & Marquez L 2015. Intelligent packaging in meat industry: An overview of existing solutions. Journal of food science and technology. 52 (7): 3947-3964.
Moini S, et al. 2009. Effect of gamma radiation on the quality and shelf life of refrigerated rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillets. Journal of food protection. 72 (7): 1419-1426.
Morsy MK, et al. 2016. Development and validation of a colorimetric sensor array for fish spoilage monitoring. Food control. 60: 346-352.
Niknam EJ, M 2015. Determine the progress of chicken spoilage and shelf life in the refrigerator using color indicators. Innovative food technologies. 2 (6): 3-14.
Ojagh SM, Rezaei M, Razavi SH & Hosseini SMH 2010. Effect of chitosan coatings enriched with cinnamon oil on the quality of refrigerated rainbow trout. Food chemistry. 120 (1): 193-198.
Olafsdóttir G, et al. 1997. Methods to evaluate fish freshness in research and industry. Trends in food science & technology. 8 (8): 258-265.
Olafsdottir G, et al. 2004. Multisensor for fish quality determination. Trends in food science & technology. 15 (2): 86-93.
Otles S & Yalcin B 2008. Intelligent food packaging. LogForum 4, 4. 3.
Özoğul F & Özoğul Y 2000. Comparision of methods used for determination of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Turkish journal of zoology. 24 (1): 113-120.
Özogul Y, Özyurt G, Özogul F, Kuley E & Polat A 2005. Freshness assessment of European eel (Anguilla anguilla) by sensory, chemical and microbiological methods. Food chemistry. 92 (4): 745-751.
Özyurt G, Kuley E, Özkütük S & Özogul F 2009. Sensory, microbiological and chemical assessment of the freshness of red mullet (Mullus barbatus) and goldband goatfish (Upeneus moluccensis) during storage in ice. Food chemistry. 114 (2): 505-510.
Pacquit A, et al. 2007. Development of a smart packaging for the monitoring of fish spoilage. Food chemistry. 102 (2): 466-470.
Pons-Sánchez-Cascado S, Vidal-Carou M, Nunes M & Veciana-Nogues M 2006. Sensory analysis to assess the freshness of Mediterranean anchovies (Engraulis encrasicholus) stored in ice. Food control. 17 (7): 564-569.
Raymana A, Demirdövenb A & Baysala T 2016. Use of indicators in intelligent food packaging.
Rodríguez CJ, Besteiro I & Pascual C 1999. Biochemical changes in freshwater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during chilled storage. Journal of the science of food and agriculture. 79 (11): 1473-1480.
Rokka M, Eerola S, Smolander M, Alakomi H-L & Ahvenainen R 2004. Monitoring of the quality of modified atmosphere packaged broiler chicken cuts stored in different temperature conditions: B. Biogenic amines as quality-indicating metabolites. Food control. 15 (8): 601-607.
Sallam KI 2007. Antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of sodium acetate, sodium lactate, and sodium citrate in refrigerated sliced salmon. Food control. 18 (5): 566-575.
Shukla V, Kandeepan G, Vishnuraj MR & Soni A 2016. Anthocyanins Based Indicator Sensor for Intelligent Packaging Application. Agricultural research. 5 (2): 205-209.
Silva-Pereira MC, Teixeira JA, Pereira-Júnior VA & Stefani R 2015. Chitosan/corn starch blend films with extract from Brassica oleraceae (red cabbage) as a visual indicator of fish deterioration. LWT-Food Science and Technology. 61 (1): 258-262.
Simeonidou S, Govaris A & Vareltzis K 1997. Quality assessment of seven Mediterranean fish species during storage on ice. Food research international. 30 (7): 479-484.
Vanderroost M, Ragaert P, Devlieghere F & De Meulenaer B 2014. Intelligent food packaging: The next generation. Trends in food science & technology. 39 (1): 47-62.
Wu TH & Bechtel PJ 2008. Ammonia, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, and trimethylamine oxide from raw and processed fish by-products. Journal of aquatic food product technology. 17 (1): 27-38.
Yoshida CM, Maciel VBV, Mendonça MED & Franco TT 2014. Chitosan biobased and intelligent films: Monitoring pH variations. LWT-food science and technology. 55 (1): 83-89.
Zaragozá P, et al. 2012. Fish freshness decay measurement with a colorimetric array. Procedia engineering. 47: 1362-1365.
Zhang X, Lu S & Chen X 2014. A visual pH sensing film using natural dyes from Bauhinia blakeana Dunn. Sensors and actuators B: Chemical. 198: 268-273.
Arashisar Ş, Hisar O, Kaya M & Yanik T 2004. Effects of modified atmosphere and vacuum packaging on microbiological and chemical properties of rainbow trout (Oncorynchus mykiss) fillets. International journal of food microbiology. 97 (2): 209-214.
Bahmani Z, Khanipoor AA, Oromieie A & Motalebi AA 2016. Application of Freshness Indicator in Smart Packaging of Rainbow Trout Fillets during Refrigerator Storage. Iranian scientific fisheries journal. 25 (3): 121-132.
Baygar T, et al. 2008. Determination of the shelf-life of trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) raw meatball that packed under modified atmosphere. Pakistan journal of nutrition. 7 (3): 412-417.
Castro P, Padrón JCP, Cansino MJC, Velázquez ES & De Larriva RM 2006. Total volatile base nitrogen and its use to assess freshness in European sea bass stored in ice. Food control. 17 (4): 245-248.
Chun H-N, Kim B & Shin H-S 2014. Evaluation of a freshness indicator for quality of fish products during storage. Food science and biotechnology. 23 (5): 1719-1725.
Dalgaard P 2000. Fresh and lightly preserved seafood. Shelf-life evaluation of foods. 2: 110-139.
Dalgaard P, Madsen H, Samieian N & Emborg J 2006. Biogenic amine formation and microbial spoilage in chilled garfish (Belone belone belone)–effect of modified atmosphere packaging and previous frozen storage. Journal of applied microbiology. 101 (1): 80-95.
Ezati P, Tajik H, Moradi M & Molaei R 2019. Intelligent pH-sensitive indicator based on starch-cellulose and alizarin dye to track freshness of rainbow trout fillet. International journal of biological macromolecules. 132: 157-165.
Ghaly AE, Dave D, Budge S & Brooks M 2010. Fish spoilage mechanisms and preservation techniques: review. American journal of applied sciences. 7 (7): 859.
Goulas AE & Kontominas MG 2007. Combined effect of light salting, modified atmosphere packaging and oregano essential oil on the shelf-life of sea bream (Sparus aurata): Biochemical and sensory attributes. Food chemistry. 100 (1): 287-296.
Gram L & Dalgaard P 2002. Fish spoilage bacteria–problems and solutions. Current opinion in biotechnology. 13 (3): 262-266.
Gram L & Huss HH 1996. Microbiological spoilage of fish and fish products. International journal of food microbiology. 33 (1): 121-137.
Hardy RW 2002. Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. . Nutrient requirements and feeding of finfish for aquaculture. 1: 184-202.
Huss HH 1988. Fresh fish--quality and quality changes: a training manual prepared for the FAO/DANIDA Training Programme on Fish Technology and Quality Control. Food & Agriculture Organization.
Huss HH, Dalgaard P & Gram L 1997. Microbiology of fish and fish products. In Seafood From Producer To Consumer, Integrated Approach To Quality. Proceedings of the International Seafood Conference on the Ocassion of the 25th Anniversary of the Wefta, Held in Noordwijkerhout, the Netherlands, 13-16 November, 1995. Elsevier.
Kerry J 2012. Application of smart packaging systems for conventionally packaged muscle-based food products. Advances in Meat, Poultry and Seafood Packaging: Woodhead Publ. 522-564.
Kerry J, O’grady M & Hogan S 2006. Past, current and potential utilisation of active and intelligent packaging systems for meat and muscle-based products: A review. Meat science. 74 (1): 113-130.
Kimura K & Kiamukura S 1934. Detection of the onset of decomposition in fish meat as shown by the content of ammonia. In Proc. Pacific Sci. Congress, p. 3709.
Koutsoumanis K 2001. Predictive modeling of the shelf life of fish under nonisothermal conditions. Applied and environmental microbiology. 67 (4): 1821-1829.
Kuswandi B, Damayanti F, Jayus J, Abdullah A & Heng LY 2015. Simple and low-cost on-package sticker sensor based on litmus paper for real-time monitoring of beef freshness. Journal of mathematical and fundamental sciences. 47 (3): 236-251.
Kuswandi B, Oktaviana R, Abdullah A & Heng LY 2014. A Novel On‐Package Sticker Sensor Based on Methyl Red for Real‐Time Monitoring of Broiler Chicken Cut Freshness. Packaging technology and science. 27 (1): 69-81.
Kuswandi B, Restyana A, Abdullah A, Heng LY & Ahmad M 2012. A novel colorimetric food package label for fish spoilage based on polyaniline film. Food control. 25 (1): 184-189.
Kykkidou S, Giatrakou V, Papavergou A, Kontominas M & Savvaidis I 2009. Effect of thyme essential oil and packaging treatments on fresh Mediterranean swordfish fillets during storage at 4 C. Food chemistry. 115 (1): 169-175.
Kyrana VR & Lougovois VP 2002. Sensory, chemical and microbiological assessment of farm‐raised European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) stored in melting ice. International Journal of food science & technology. 37 (3): 319-328.
Mirshekari S, et al. 2016. Antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of nisin Z and sodium benzoate in vacuum packed Caspian kutum (Rutilus frisii) fillet stored at 4° C. Iranian journal of fisheries sciences. 15 (2): 789-801.
Mohebi E & Marquez L 2015. Intelligent packaging in meat industry: An overview of existing solutions. Journal of food science and technology. 52 (7): 3947-3964.
Moini S, et al. 2009. Effect of gamma radiation on the quality and shelf life of refrigerated rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillets. Journal of food protection. 72 (7): 1419-1426.
Morsy MK, et al. 2016. Development and validation of a colorimetric sensor array for fish spoilage monitoring. Food control. 60: 346-352.
Niknam EJ, M 2015. Determine the progress of chicken spoilage and shelf life in the refrigerator using color indicators. Innovative food technologies. 2 (6): 3-14.
Ojagh SM, Rezaei M, Razavi SH & Hosseini SMH 2010. Effect of chitosan coatings enriched with cinnamon oil on the quality of refrigerated rainbow trout. Food chemistry. 120 (1): 193-198.
Olafsdóttir G, et al. 1997. Methods to evaluate fish freshness in research and industry. Trends in food science & technology. 8 (8): 258-265.
Olafsdottir G, et al. 2004. Multisensor for fish quality determination. Trends in food science & technology. 15 (2): 86-93.
Otles S & Yalcin B 2008. Intelligent food packaging. LogForum 4, 4. 3.
Özoğul F & Özoğul Y 2000. Comparision of methods used for determination of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Turkish journal of zoology. 24 (1): 113-120.
Özogul Y, Özyurt G, Özogul F, Kuley E & Polat A 2005. Freshness assessment of European eel (Anguilla anguilla) by sensory, chemical and microbiological methods. Food chemistry. 92 (4): 745-751.
Özyurt G, Kuley E, Özkütük S & Özogul F 2009. Sensory, microbiological and chemical assessment of the freshness of red mullet (Mullus barbatus) and goldband goatfish (Upeneus moluccensis) during storage in ice. Food chemistry. 114 (2): 505-510.
Pacquit A, et al. 2007. Development of a smart packaging for the monitoring of fish spoilage. Food chemistry. 102 (2): 466-470.
Pons-Sánchez-Cascado S, Vidal-Carou M, Nunes M & Veciana-Nogues M 2006. Sensory analysis to assess the freshness of Mediterranean anchovies (Engraulis encrasicholus) stored in ice. Food control. 17 (7): 564-569.
Raymana A, Demirdövenb A & Baysala T 2016. Use of indicators in intelligent food packaging.
Rodríguez CJ, Besteiro I & Pascual C 1999. Biochemical changes in freshwater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during chilled storage. Journal of the science of food and agriculture. 79 (11): 1473-1480.
Rokka M, Eerola S, Smolander M, Alakomi H-L & Ahvenainen R 2004. Monitoring of the quality of modified atmosphere packaged broiler chicken cuts stored in different temperature conditions: B. Biogenic amines as quality-indicating metabolites. Food control. 15 (8): 601-607.
Sallam KI 2007. Antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of sodium acetate, sodium lactate, and sodium citrate in refrigerated sliced salmon. Food control. 18 (5): 566-575.
Shukla V, Kandeepan G, Vishnuraj MR & Soni A 2016. Anthocyanins Based Indicator Sensor for Intelligent Packaging Application. Agricultural research. 5 (2): 205-209.
Silva-Pereira MC, Teixeira JA, Pereira-Júnior VA & Stefani R 2015. Chitosan/corn starch blend films with extract from Brassica oleraceae (red cabbage) as a visual indicator of fish deterioration. LWT-Food Science and Technology. 61 (1): 258-262.
Simeonidou S, Govaris A & Vareltzis K 1997. Quality assessment of seven Mediterranean fish species during storage on ice. Food research international. 30 (7): 479-484.
Vanderroost M, Ragaert P, Devlieghere F & De Meulenaer B 2014. Intelligent food packaging: The next generation. Trends in food science & technology. 39 (1): 47-62.
Wu TH & Bechtel PJ 2008. Ammonia, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, and trimethylamine oxide from raw and processed fish by-products. Journal of aquatic food product technology. 17 (1): 27-38.
Yoshida CM, Maciel VBV, Mendonça MED & Franco TT 2014. Chitosan biobased and intelligent films: Monitoring pH variations. LWT-food science and technology. 55 (1): 83-89.
Zaragozá P, et al. 2012. Fish freshness decay measurement with a colorimetric array. Procedia engineering. 47: 1362-1365.
Zhang X, Lu S & Chen X 2014. A visual pH sensing film using natural dyes from Bauhinia blakeana Dunn. Sensors and actuators B: Chemical. 198: 268-273.
Type of article: orginal article |
Subject:
public specific
Received: 2017/02/19 | Published: 2019/11/1 | ePublished: 2019/11/1
Received: 2017/02/19 | Published: 2019/11/1 | ePublished: 2019/11/1
References
1. Amegovu AK, Sserunjogi ML, Ogwok P & Makokha V 2012. Nucleotide degradation products, total volatile basic nitrogen, sensory and microbiological quality of nile perch (lates niloticus) fillets under chilled storage. Journal of microbiology, biotechnology and food sciences. 2 (2): 653.
2. Arashisar Ş, Hisar O, Kaya M & Yanik T 2004. Effects of modified atmosphere and vacuum packaging on microbiological and chemical properties of rainbow trout (Oncorynchus mykiss) fillets. International journal of food microbiology. 97 (2): 209-214.
3. Bahmani Z, Khanipoor AA, Oromieie A & Motalebi AA 2016. Application of Freshness Indicator in Smart Packaging of Rainbow Trout Fillets during Refrigerator Storage. Iranian scientific fisheries journal. 25 (3): 121-132.
4. Baygar T, et al. 2008. Determination of the shelf-life of trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) raw meatball that packed under modified atmosphere. Pakistan journal of nutrition. 7 (3): 412-417.
5. Castro P, Padrón JCP, Cansino MJC, Velázquez ES & De Larriva RM 2006. Total volatile base nitrogen and its use to assess freshness in European sea bass stored in ice. Food control. 17 (4): 245-248.
6. Chun H-N, Kim B & Shin H-S 2014. Evaluation of a freshness indicator for quality of fish products during storage. Food science and biotechnology. 23 (5): 1719-1725.
7. Dalgaard P 2000. Fresh and lightly preserved seafood. Shelf-life evaluation of foods. 2: 110-139.
8. Dalgaard P, Madsen H, Samieian N & Emborg J 2006. Biogenic amine formation and microbial spoilage in chilled garfish (Belone belone belone)–effect of modified atmosphere packaging and previous frozen storage. Journal of applied microbiology. 101 (1): 80-95.
9. Ezati P, Tajik H, Moradi M & Molaei R 2019. Intelligent pH-sensitive indicator based on starch-cellulose and alizarin dye to track freshness of rainbow trout fillet. International journal of biological macromolecules. 132: 157-165.
10. Ghaly AE, Dave D, Budge S & Brooks M 2010. Fish spoilage mechanisms and preservation techniques: review. American journal of applied sciences. 7 (7): 859.
11. Goulas AE & Kontominas MG 2007. Combined effect of light salting, modified atmosphere packaging and oregano essential oil on the shelf-life of sea bream (Sparus aurata): Biochemical and sensory attributes. Food chemistry. 100 (1): 287-296.
12. Gram L & Dalgaard P 2002. Fish spoilage bacteria–problems and solutions. Current opinion in biotechnology. 13 (3): 262-266.
13. Gram L & Huss HH 1996. Microbiological spoilage of fish and fish products. International journal of food microbiology. 33 (1): 121-137.
14. Hardy RW 2002. Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. . Nutrient requirements and feeding of finfish for aquaculture. 1: 184-202.
15. Huss HH 1988. Fresh fish--quality and quality changes: a training manual prepared for the FAO/DANIDA Training Programme on Fish Technology and Quality Control. Food & Agriculture Organization.
16. Huss HH, Dalgaard P & Gram L 1997. Microbiology of fish and fish products. In Seafood From Producer To Consumer, Integrated Approach To Quality. Proceedings of the International Seafood Conference on the Ocassion of the 25th Anniversary of the Wefta, Held in Noordwijkerhout, the Netherlands, 13-16 November, 1995. Elsevier.
17. Kerry J 2012. Application of smart packaging systems for conventionally packaged muscle-based food products. Advances in Meat, Poultry and Seafood Packaging: Woodhead Publ. 522-564.
18. Kerry J, O’grady M & Hogan S 2006. Past, current and potential utilisation of active and intelligent packaging systems for meat and muscle-based products: A review. Meat science. 74 (1): 113-130.
19. Kimura K & Kiamukura S 1934. Detection of the onset of decomposition in fish meat as shown by the content of ammonia. In Proc. Pacific Sci. Congress, p. 3709.
20. Koutsoumanis K 2001. Predictive modeling of the shelf life of fish under nonisothermal conditions. Applied and environmental microbiology. 67 (4): 1821-1829.
21. Kuswandi B, Damayanti F, Jayus J, Abdullah A & Heng LY 2015. Simple and low-cost on-package sticker sensor based on litmus paper for real-time monitoring of beef freshness. Journal of mathematical and fundamental sciences. 47 (3): 236-251.
22. Kuswandi B, Oktaviana R, Abdullah A & Heng LY 2014. A Novel On‐Package Sticker Sensor Based on Methyl Red for Real‐Time Monitoring of Broiler Chicken Cut Freshness. Packaging technology and science. 27 (1): 69-81.
23. Kuswandi B, Restyana A, Abdullah A, Heng LY & Ahmad M 2012. A novel colorimetric food package label for fish spoilage based on polyaniline film. Food control. 25 (1): 184-189.
24. Kykkidou S, Giatrakou V, Papavergou A, Kontominas M & Savvaidis I 2009. Effect of thyme essential oil and packaging treatments on fresh Mediterranean swordfish fillets during storage at 4 C. Food chemistry. 115 (1): 169-175.
25. Kyrana VR & Lougovois VP 2002. Sensory, chemical and microbiological assessment of farm‐raised European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) stored in melting ice. International Journal of food science & technology. 37 (3): 319-328.
26. Mirshekari S, et al. 2016. Antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of nisin Z and sodium benzoate in vacuum packed Caspian kutum (Rutilus frisii) fillet stored at 4° C. Iranian journal of fisheries sciences. 15 (2): 789-801.
27. Mohebi E & Marquez L 2015. Intelligent packaging in meat industry: An overview of existing solutions. Journal of food science and technology. 52 (7): 3947-3964.
28. Moini S, et al. 2009. Effect of gamma radiation on the quality and shelf life of refrigerated rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillets. Journal of food protection. 72 (7): 1419-1426.
29. Morsy MK, et al. 2016. Development and validation of a colorimetric sensor array for fish spoilage monitoring. Food control. 60: 346-352.
30. Niknam EJ, M 2015. Determine the progress of chicken spoilage and shelf life in the refrigerator using color indicators. Innovative food technologies. 2 (6): 3-14.
31. Ojagh SM, Rezaei M, Razavi SH & Hosseini SMH 2010. Effect of chitosan coatings enriched with cinnamon oil on the quality of refrigerated rainbow trout. Food chemistry. 120 (1): 193-198.
32. Olafsdóttir G, et al. 1997. Methods to evaluate fish freshness in research and industry. Trends in food science & technology. 8 (8): 258-265.
33. Olafsdottir G, et al. 2004. Multisensor for fish quality determination. Trends in food science & technology. 15 (2): 86-93.
34. Otles S & Yalcin B 2008. Intelligent food packaging. LogForum 4, 4. 3.
35. Özoğul F & Özoğul Y 2000. Comparision of methods used for determination of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Turkish journal of zoology. 24 (1): 113-120.
36. Özogul Y, Özyurt G, Özogul F, Kuley E & Polat A 2005. Freshness assessment of European eel (Anguilla anguilla) by sensory, chemical and microbiological methods. Food chemistry. 92 (4): 745-751.
37. Özyurt G, Kuley E, Özkütük S & Özogul F 2009. Sensory, microbiological and chemical assessment of the freshness of red mullet (Mullus barbatus) and goldband goatfish (Upeneus moluccensis) during storage in ice. Food chemistry. 114 (2): 505-510.
38. Pacquit A, et al. 2007. Development of a smart packaging for the monitoring of fish spoilage. Food chemistry. 102 (2): 466-470.
39. Pons-Sánchez-Cascado S, Vidal-Carou M, Nunes M & Veciana-Nogues M 2006. Sensory analysis to assess the freshness of Mediterranean anchovies (Engraulis encrasicholus) stored in ice. Food control. 17 (7): 564-569.
40. Raymana A, Demirdövenb A & Baysala T 2016. Use of indicators in intelligent food packaging.
41. Rodríguez CJ, Besteiro I & Pascual C 1999. Biochemical changes in freshwater rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during chilled storage. Journal of the science of food and agriculture. 79 (11): 1473-1480.
42. Rokka M, Eerola S, Smolander M, Alakomi H-L & Ahvenainen R 2004. Monitoring of the quality of modified atmosphere packaged broiler chicken cuts stored in different temperature conditions: B. Biogenic amines as quality-indicating metabolites. Food control. 15 (8): 601-607.
43. Sallam KI 2007. Antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of sodium acetate, sodium lactate, and sodium citrate in refrigerated sliced salmon. Food control. 18 (5): 566-575.
44. Shukla V, Kandeepan G, Vishnuraj MR & Soni A 2016. Anthocyanins Based Indicator Sensor for Intelligent Packaging Application. Agricultural research. 5 (2): 205-209.
45. Silva-Pereira MC, Teixeira JA, Pereira-Júnior VA & Stefani R 2015. Chitosan/corn starch blend films with extract from Brassica oleraceae (red cabbage) as a visual indicator of fish deterioration. LWT-Food Science and Technology. 61 (1): 258-262.
46. Simeonidou S, Govaris A & Vareltzis K 1997. Quality assessment of seven Mediterranean fish species during storage on ice. Food research international. 30 (7): 479-484.
47. Vanderroost M, Ragaert P, Devlieghere F & De Meulenaer B 2014. Intelligent food packaging: The next generation. Trends in food science & technology. 39 (1): 47-62.
48. Wu TH & Bechtel PJ 2008. Ammonia, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, and trimethylamine oxide from raw and processed fish by-products. Journal of aquatic food product technology. 17 (1): 27-38.
49. Yoshida CM, Maciel VBV, Mendonça MED & Franco TT 2014. Chitosan biobased and intelligent films: Monitoring pH variations. LWT-food science and technology. 55 (1): 83-89.
50. Zaragozá P, et al. 2012. Fish freshness decay measurement with a colorimetric array. Procedia engineering. 47: 1362-1365.
51. Zhang X, Lu S & Chen X 2014. A visual pH sensing film using natural dyes from Bauhinia blakeana Dunn. Sensors and actuators B: Chemical. 198: 268-273.
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
