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JNFS 2017, 2(4): 264-262 |
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Mohammadi M, Salehi-Abargouei A. Metabolic Syndrome: An Important Health Issue in Iran. JNFS 2017; 2 (4) :264-262
URL: http://jnfs.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-109-en.html
URL: http://jnfs.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-109-en.html
Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
Keywords: Metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases
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Metabolic Syndrome: An Important Health Issue in Iran
Mohammad Mohammadi; MSc 1,2 & Amin Salehi-Abargouei; PhD 1,2*
1 Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
2 Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
Mohammad Mohammadi; MSc 1,2 & Amin Salehi-Abargouei; PhD 1,2*
1 Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
2 Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| ARTICLE INFO | ||
| EDITORIAL ARTICLE | Corresponding author: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. abargouei@ssu.ac.ir Postal code: 8916877391 Tel: +98-35-31492229 |
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| Article history: Received: 17 Nov2016 Revised: 21 Dec 2016 Accepted: 21 Jan 2017 |
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| Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a major metabolic disorder worldwide which is characterized by having three or more of the five metabolic abnormalities. Thesemetabolic abnormalities include abdominal obesity (waist circumference ≥ 90 cm for men and ≥ 80 cm for women), high triglyceride levels (TG) (≤ 150 mg/dL), decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) (< 40 mg/dL in men and < 50 mg/dL in women), increased blood pressure (BP) )systolic ≥ 130 mmHg and/or diastolic ≤ 85 mmHg(, and elevated fasting blood glucose (FBG) (≥ 100 mg/dL) (Mohammadi et al., 2016). These conditions induce insulin resistance, inflammation, and chronic stress resulting in excessive flux of fatty acids which can lead to increased risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (Brunner et al., 2002, Eckel et al., 2005, Yaffe et al., 2004). Approximately 20% of the patients with MetS who do not have diabetes remain at high risk of incident cardiovascular events (Wong et al., 2003a, Wong et al., 2003b). The population-attributable fraction for all-cause mortality from the MetS was 6–7% (Ford, 2005). |
In 2012, the total costs of diagnosed diabetes in the USA were estimated to be around 245 billion dollars; US $176 billion of which were direct medical costs (Association, 2013). Furthermore, the American Heart Association reported that the one-year cost of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is US $457.4 billion in the USA (Thom et al., 2006). In a survey conducted among the Iranian population, the costs of essential diagnostic and therapeutic services of CVD patients in the Central Hospital of National Iranian Oil Corporation were nearly 10.94 billion Rials (Fakhzadeh et al., 2002). Therefore, regarding the heavy economic burden of MetS and other associated diseases on the health care system, it is necessary to pay special attention to its prevention, control, and treatment.
The prevalence of MetS was reported to be around 24% in the United States, 12% in Europe, and 10-40% in most Asian countries (Ryan et al., 2008). In Iran, the rate of MetS was estimated to be approximately 36.9%, 34.6%, and 41.5% according to the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) criteria, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria, and the Joint Interim Societies (JIS) criteria, respectively (Amirkalali et al., 2015). It was also reported that more than 32% of population of Yazd city have MetS (Sadrbafoghi et al., 2006). Another survey among female teachers in Yazd showed that the prevalence of MetS was high even in the educated people of this area (39.11% based on ATPIII definition) (Shahvazi et al., 2016).
The prevalence of MetS was reported to be around 24% in the United States, 12% in Europe, and 10-40% in most Asian countries (Ryan et al., 2008). In Iran, the rate of MetS was estimated to be approximately 36.9%, 34.6%, and 41.5% according to the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) criteria, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria, and the Joint Interim Societies (JIS) criteria, respectively (Amirkalali et al., 2015). It was also reported that more than 32% of population of Yazd city have MetS (Sadrbafoghi et al., 2006). Another survey among female teachers in Yazd showed that the prevalence of MetS was high even in the educated people of this area (39.11% based on ATPIII definition) (Shahvazi et al., 2016).
The MetS complications and comorbid diseases can be prevented by appropriate control of body weight, lipid profile, and blood pressure (Malik et al., 2004). Indeed, it was indicated that all components of MetS may be related to obesity. Therefore, weight loss and physical activity might be the most important strategies to improve
the MetS risk factors (Olefsky et al., 1974). Consumption of healthy diets containing more vegetables, fruits, whole grains, low-fat dairy products, and replacing some dietary carbohydrates with monounsaturated fat (e.g. olive oil) may also be beneficial for most patients with MetS (Feldeisen and Tucker, 2007, Prasad et al., 2012). Healthy dietary patterns such as Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) and Mediterranean diet can decrease most metabolic risk factors in both men and women. Indeed, these diets were inversely associated with Body mass index which can be useful for improvement of hypertension, atherogenic dyslipidemia, or inflammatory reactions associated with MetS (Azadbakht et al., 2005, Babio et al., 2009).
Unfortunately, the health care system in Iran is more focused on treatment of diseases than implementation of preventive strategies. Planning national programs which benefit from intersectoral collaborations for determining and controlling the MetS risk factors seems to be urgent in Iran.
Unfortunately, the health care system in Iran is more focused on treatment of diseases than implementation of preventive strategies. Planning national programs which benefit from intersectoral collaborations for determining and controlling the MetS risk factors seems to be urgent in Iran.
References
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Association AD 2013. Economic costs of diabetes in the US in 2012. Diabetes Care 2013; 36: 1033–1046. Diabetes care. 36 (6): 1797.
Azadbakht L, Mirmiran P, Esmaillzadeh
A, Azizi T & Azizi F 2005. Beneficial
effects of a Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension eating plan on features of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes care. 28 (12): 2823-2831.
Babio N, Bulló M & Salas-Salvadó J
2009. Mediterranean diet and metabolic syndrome: the evidence. Public health nutrition. 12 (9A): 1607-1617.
Brunner EJ, et al. 2002. Adrenocortical, autonomic, and inflammatory causes of the metabolic syndrome: nested case-control study. Circulation. 106 (21): 2659-2665.
Eckel RH, Grundy SM & Zimmet PZ 2005. The metabolic syndrome. Lancet. 365 (9468): 1415-1428.
Fakhzadeh H, Mohaghegh M, Poor-Ebrahim R & Akhlaghi M 2002. The economic cost of coronary heart diseasein iranoil industry personnel in 1999. Journal of medical council of I.R.I. 19 (4): 287-292.
Feldeisen SE & Tucker KL 2007. Nutritional strategies in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome. Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism. 32 (1): 46-60.
Ford ES 2005. Risks for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes associated with the metabolic syndrome a summary
of the evidence. Diabetes care. 28 (7): 1769-1778.
Malik S, et al. 2004. Impact of the metabolic syndrome on mortality from coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, and all causes in United States adults. Circulation. 110 (10): 1245-1250.
Mohammadi M, Jolfaie NR, Alipour R & Zarrati M 2016. Is Metabolic Syndrome Considered to Be a Risk Factor for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (Non-Erosive or Erosive Esophagitis)?: A Systematic Review of the Evidence. Iranian red crescent medical journal. 18 (11): e30363.
Olefsky J, Reaven GM & Farquhar JW 1974. Effects of weight reduction on obesity studies of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in normal and hyperlipoproteinemic subjects. Journal of clinical Investigation. 53 (1): 64.
Prasad H, Ryan DA, Celzo MF & Stapleton D 2012. Metabolic syndrome: definition and therapeutic implications. Postgraduate medicine. 124 (1): 21-30.
Ryan AM, et al. 2008. Barrett esophagus: prevalence of central adiposity, metabolic syndrome, and a proinflammatory state. Annals of surgery. 247 (6): 909-915.
Sadrbafoghi S, et al. 2006. Prevalence and criteria of metabolic syndrome in an urban population: Yazd Healthy Heart Project. Tehran university medical journal. 64 (10): 90-96.
Shahvazi S, Nadjarzadeh A, Mehri Z & Salehi-Abargouei A 2016. Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Adult Females: Comparison between Iranian National Definition and Currently Used International Criteria. Journal of nutrition and food security 1(1): 49-62.
Thom T, et al. 2006. Heart disease and stroke statistics--2006 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 113 (6): e85-151.
Wong ND, et al. 2003a. Preventing coronary events by optimal control of blood pressure and lipids in patients with the metabolic syndrome. The American journal of cardiology. 91 (12): 1421-1426.
Wong ND, et al. 2003b. The metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and subclinical atherosclerosis assessed by coronary calcium. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 41 (9): 1547-1553.
Yaffe K, et al. 2004. The metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and risk of cognitive decline. Journal of the American medical association. 292 (18): 2237-2242.
Association AD 2013. Economic costs of diabetes in the US in 2012. Diabetes Care 2013; 36: 1033–1046. Diabetes care. 36 (6): 1797.
Azadbakht L, Mirmiran P, Esmaillzadeh
A, Azizi T & Azizi F 2005. Beneficial
effects of a Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension eating plan on features of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes care. 28 (12): 2823-2831.
Babio N, Bulló M & Salas-Salvadó J
2009. Mediterranean diet and metabolic syndrome: the evidence. Public health nutrition. 12 (9A): 1607-1617.
Brunner EJ, et al. 2002. Adrenocortical, autonomic, and inflammatory causes of the metabolic syndrome: nested case-control study. Circulation. 106 (21): 2659-2665.
Eckel RH, Grundy SM & Zimmet PZ 2005. The metabolic syndrome. Lancet. 365 (9468): 1415-1428.
Fakhzadeh H, Mohaghegh M, Poor-Ebrahim R & Akhlaghi M 2002. The economic cost of coronary heart diseasein iranoil industry personnel in 1999. Journal of medical council of I.R.I. 19 (4): 287-292.
Feldeisen SE & Tucker KL 2007. Nutritional strategies in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome. Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism. 32 (1): 46-60.
Ford ES 2005. Risks for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes associated with the metabolic syndrome a summary
of the evidence. Diabetes care. 28 (7): 1769-1778.
Malik S, et al. 2004. Impact of the metabolic syndrome on mortality from coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, and all causes in United States adults. Circulation. 110 (10): 1245-1250.
Mohammadi M, Jolfaie NR, Alipour R & Zarrati M 2016. Is Metabolic Syndrome Considered to Be a Risk Factor for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (Non-Erosive or Erosive Esophagitis)?: A Systematic Review of the Evidence. Iranian red crescent medical journal. 18 (11): e30363.
Olefsky J, Reaven GM & Farquhar JW 1974. Effects of weight reduction on obesity studies of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in normal and hyperlipoproteinemic subjects. Journal of clinical Investigation. 53 (1): 64.
Prasad H, Ryan DA, Celzo MF & Stapleton D 2012. Metabolic syndrome: definition and therapeutic implications. Postgraduate medicine. 124 (1): 21-30.
Ryan AM, et al. 2008. Barrett esophagus: prevalence of central adiposity, metabolic syndrome, and a proinflammatory state. Annals of surgery. 247 (6): 909-915.
Sadrbafoghi S, et al. 2006. Prevalence and criteria of metabolic syndrome in an urban population: Yazd Healthy Heart Project. Tehran university medical journal. 64 (10): 90-96.
Shahvazi S, Nadjarzadeh A, Mehri Z & Salehi-Abargouei A 2016. Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Adult Females: Comparison between Iranian National Definition and Currently Used International Criteria. Journal of nutrition and food security 1(1): 49-62.
Thom T, et al. 2006. Heart disease and stroke statistics--2006 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 113 (6): e85-151.
Wong ND, et al. 2003a. Preventing coronary events by optimal control of blood pressure and lipids in patients with the metabolic syndrome. The American journal of cardiology. 91 (12): 1421-1426.
Wong ND, et al. 2003b. The metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and subclinical atherosclerosis assessed by coronary calcium. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 41 (9): 1547-1553.
Yaffe K, et al. 2004. The metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and risk of cognitive decline. Journal of the American medical association. 292 (18): 2237-2242.
Type of article: editorial article |
Subject:
public specific
Received: 2017/11/18 | Published: 2018/01/22 | ePublished: 2018/01/22
Received: 2017/11/18 | Published: 2018/01/22 | ePublished: 2018/01/22
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